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Table 3 Association of early life conditions with biomarkers of intermediary phenotypes and health outcomes in adulthood

From: Early life socioeconomic adversity is associated in adult life with chronic inflammation, carotid atherosclerosis, poorer lung function and decreased cognitive performance: a cross-sectional, population-based study

 

Quartile of leg lengthc (shortest to longest)

Number of siblingsd 0-1; 2; 3; ≥ 4

People per roome ≤ 1; > 1, ≤ 2; > 2

Parents owned homef Yes/No

Father's occupationg Non-manual/Manual

A. Inflammatory and CHD Biomarkers

   CRP (mg/l)b

2.10, 1.57, 1.31, 1.24**

1.43, 1.35, 1.57, 1.70

1.24, 1.64, 2.14***

1.16, 1.71***

1.15, 1.86***

   IL-6 (pg/ml)b

1.88, 1.69, 1.64, 1.44*

1.80, 1.58, 1.60, 1.71

1.49, 1.72, 1.95**

1.36, 1.80***

1.36, 1.85***

   ICAM (ng/ml)b

279, 276, 258, 250*

257, 252, 266, 279**

248, 272, 299***

239, 277***

246, 278***

   vWF (IU/dl)a

144, 140, 143, 133

136, 136, 143, 145

133, 145, 147**

131, 145***

132, 147***

   LDL Cholesterol (mmol/l)a

2.91, 3.04, 3.03, 3.05

2.99, 3.05, 3.10, 2.93

3.09, 3.00, 2.84

3.13, 2.96*

3.08, 3.02

   BP systolic (mmHg)a

140, 134, 134, 134*

137, 136, 135, 135

136, 136, 135

133, 136*

135, 136

   HOMA-IRa

1.70, 1.66, 1.61, 1.60

1.79, 1.60, 1.61, 1.69

1.60, 1.66, 1.78

1.43, 1.75*

1.47, 1.78*

B. Adult Health Outcomes

   Stroop test (number correct)a

95.7, 97.4, 99.6, 98.9

100.4, 99.9, 98.8, 94.7*

101.6, 96.6, 92.5***

102.9, 95.9***

103.1, 95.5***

   Choice Reaction Time (ms)b

588, 568, 561, 554

554, 535, 570, 584***

540, 586, 665***

525, 578***

530, 581***

   AVLT (words recalled)a

11.3, 11.7, 11.7, 12.2*

11.9, 12.1, 11.5, 11.4**

12.0, 11.1, 11.0***

12.2, 11.5***

12.3, 11.3***

   FEV1 (L)a

2.62, 2.79, 2.95, 3.26***

2.97, 2.97, 2.95, 2.79*

3.11, 2.85, 2.53***

3.19, 2.80***

3.16, 2.78***

   Carotid IMT (mm)a

0.72, 0.69, 0.71, 0.67*

0.68, 0.69, 0.69, 0.70

0.69, 0.69, 0.72

0.69, 0.70

0.68, 0.70

   Plaque present (%)h

53.4%, 46.2%, 55.7%, 44.2%

45.1%, 44.5%, 49.6%, 58.7%*

45.4%, 51.7%, 62.8%*

39.6%, 55.2%***

39.9%, 57.2%***

  1. a Mean values for continuous variables adjusted for age and sex;
  2. b Geometric means adjusted for age and sex;
  3. c Entire group of 666 subjects was divided by quartile of leg length (mean length in quartiles 1 through to 4 was 73.0, 78.1, 82.3, 88.2 cm respectively);
  4. d In a similar manner the entire population were divided by number of siblings (0-1, n = 94; 2, n = 176; 3, n = 167; 4 +, n = 227)
  5. e Number of people per room was calculated by dividing the total number of people in the house (adults and children) by the number of rooms (0-1, n = 241; 1-2, n = 342; 2 +, n = 81)
  6. f Owner, n = 188; Not owner, n = 476
  7. g Non-Manual, n = 233; Manual, n = 370
  8. h Percentage values adjusted for age and sex
  9. * 0.01 ≥ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≥ p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
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BMC Public Health

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