Table 3 Growth curve models predicting depressive symptomatology on the lack of positive affect domain, the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA) 1989-2007

Social participation

Participation before 70 (ref = never participated)

   Continuous participation from baseline to age 70, β₀₁

   Initiating participation from baseline to age 70, β₀₂

   Ceased participation after baseline, β₀₃

   Dropped out before age 70, β₀₄

Health status

Physical disability (ref = None)

   1+ functioning limitations

Chronic health problems (ref = None)

   1+ chronic conditions

Socio-demographics

Gender (ref = Male)

   Female

Ethnicity (ref = Fukianese)

   Hakka

   Mainlander

Socioeconomic position

Education (ref = Illiterate)

   Incomplete primary education

   Completed primary education

   High school graduate and above

Work status (ref = No work)

   Full- or part-time work

   Assisting family

Home ownership (ref = no)

Family background

Family living arrangement (ref = Alone)

   Living with family

Symptom level, intercept

Mean growth rate, linear

Mean acceleration, quadratic

Random effects

   Variance in random intercept

   Variance in random slope

   Variance in residuals