| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | Coefficient (β) | Standard Error | Coefficient (β) | Standard Error |
Social participation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Participation before 70 (ref = never participated) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Continuous participation from baseline to age 70, β01 | -1.414*** | 0.262 | -0.681** | 0.250 |
   Initiating participation from baseline to age 70, β02 | -1.128*** | 0.256 | -0.709** | 0.235 |
   Ceased participation after baseline, β03 | -0.710*** | 0.283 | -0.195** | 0.265 |
   Dropped out before age 70, β04 | 0.003** | 0.277 | 0.111** | 0.262 |
Health status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Physical disability (ref = None) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   One and more functioning limitations |  |  | 1.789*** | 0.180 |
Chronic health problems (ref = None) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   One and more chronic conditions |  |  | -0.297*** | 0.221 |
Socio-demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Gender (ref = Male) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Female |  |  | 0.294*** | 0.221 |
Ethnicity (ref = Fukianese) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Hakka |  |  | 0.017*** | 0.240 |
   Mainlander |  |  | -0.122*** | 0.218 |
Socioeconomic position | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Education (ref = Illiterate) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Incomplete primary education |  |  | -0.434*** | 0.272 |
   Completed primary education |  |  | -0.941*** | 0.226 |
   High school graduate and above |  |  | -1.437*** | 0.265 |
Work status (ref = No work) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Full- or part-time work |  |  | -0.690*** | 0.201 |
   Assisting family |  |  | -0.754*** | 0.238 |
Home ownership (ref = no) | Â | Â | -0.465*** | 0.188 |
Family background | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Family living arrangement (ref = Alone) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Living with family |  |  | -0.534*** | 0.200 |
Symptom level, intercept | 3.142*** | 0.209 | 4.146*** | 0.367 |
Mean growth rate, linear | 0.182** | 0.031 | 0.175*** | 0.030 |
Mean acceleration, quadratic | -0.004*** | 0.001 | -0.004** | 0.001 |
Random effects | Estimate | S.E. | Estimate | S.E. |
   Variance in random intercept | 4.285*** | 0.735 | 2.392*** | 0.599 |
   Variance in random slope | 0.018*** | 0.006 | 0.017*** | 0.005 |
   Variance in residuals | 13.297*** | 0.342 | 13.335*** | 0.318 |