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Table 2 Growth curve models predicting depressive symptomatology on the negative affect domain, the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA) 1989-2007

From: Social participation reduces depressive symptoms among older adults: An 18-year longitudinal analysis in Taiwan

 

Model 1

Model 2

Covariates

Coefficient (β)

Standard Error

Coefficient (β)

Standard Error

Social participation

    

Participation before 70 (ref = never participated)

    

   Continuous participation from baseline to age 70, β01

-1.414***

0.262

-0.681**

0.250

   Initiating participation from baseline to age 70, β02

-1.128***

0.256

-0.709**

0.235

   Ceased participation after baseline, β03

-0.710***

0.283

-0.195**

0.265

   Dropped out before age 70, β04

0.003**

0.277

0.111**

0.262

Health status

    

Physical disability (ref = None)

    

   One and more functioning limitations

  

1.789***

0.180

Chronic health problems (ref = None)

    

   One and more chronic conditions

  

-0.297***

0.221

Socio-demographics

    

Gender (ref = Male)

    

   Female

  

0.294***

0.221

Ethnicity (ref = Fukianese)

    

   Hakka

  

0.017***

0.240

   Mainlander

  

-0.122***

0.218

Socioeconomic position

    

Education (ref = Illiterate)

    

   Incomplete primary education

  

-0.434***

0.272

   Completed primary education

  

-0.941***

0.226

   High school graduate and above

  

-1.437***

0.265

Work status (ref = No work)

    

   Full- or part-time work

  

-0.690***

0.201

   Assisting family

  

-0.754***

0.238

Home ownership (ref = no)

  

-0.465***

0.188

Family background

    

Family living arrangement (ref = Alone)

    

   Living with family

  

-0.534***

0.200

Symptom level, intercept

3.142***

0.209

4.146***

0.367

Mean growth rate, linear

0.182**

0.031

0.175***

0.030

Mean acceleration, quadratic

-0.004***

0.001

-0.004**

0.001

Random effects

Estimate

S.E.

Estimate

S.E.

   Variance in random intercept

4.285***

0.735

2.392***

0.599

   Variance in random slope

0.018***

0.006

0.017***

0.005

   Variance in residuals

13.297***

0.342

13.335***

0.318

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001