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Table 2 Higher public healthcare expenditures prevalence in a sample of type 2 diabetic subjects with different socio-demographic and health characteristics, according to expenditure categories (Brazil, 2009).

From: The burden of physical activity on type 2 diabetes public healthcare expenditures among adults: a retrospective study

Independent variables

Expenditure category: higher tertile (n [%])

  

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

  

Laboratory tests

Medication

T2DM medication

Other medication

Medical consultation

Nursing consultation

Overall expenditure

Age

<50 years-old

11 (37.9)

12 (41.2)

12 (41.4)

5 (17.2)

13 (44.8)

9 (31)

12 (41.4)

 

≥50 years-old

29 (31.5)

28 (30.4)

28 (30.4)

37 (40.2)*

27 (29.3)

40 (43.5)

28 (30.4)

Smoking habit

No

35 (32.7)

36 (33.6)

36 (33.6)

40 (37.4)

34 (31.8)

42 (39,3)

36 (33.6)

 

Yes

5 (35.7)

4 (28.6)

4 (28.4)

2 (14.3)

6 (42.9)

7 (50)

4 (28.6)

Exogenous insulin use

No

24 (31.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

27 (35.1)

18 (23.4)

20 (26)

0 (0)

 

Yes

16 (36.4)

40 (90.9)**

40 (90.9)**

15 (34.1)

22 (50)**

29 (65.9)**

40 (90.9)**

BMI

<29.9 kg/m2

19 (29.2)

24 (36.9)

24 (36.9)

22 (33.8)

21 (32.3)

30 (46.2)

24 (36.9)

 

≥30 kg/m2

21 (37.5)

16 (28.6)

16 (28.6)

20 (35.7)

19 (33.9)

19 (33.9)

16 (28.6)

WHR

Normal

5 (31.3)

5 (31.3)

5 (31.3)

2 (12.5)

6 (37.5)

5 (31.3)

5 (31.3)

 

High

35 (33.3)

35 (33.3)

35 (33.3)

40 (38.1)*

34 (32.4)

44 (41.9)

35 (33.3)

Diabetic Neuropathy

No

30 (33.7)

29 (32.6)

29 (32.6)

33 (37.1)

32 (36)

37 (41.6)

29 (32.6)

 

Yes

10 (31.3)

11 (34.4)

11 (34.4)

9 (28.1)

8 (25)

12 (37.5)

11 (34.4)

 

Sedentary

13 (41.9)

12 (38.7)

12 (38.7)

16 (51.6)

14 (45.2)

13 (41.9)

12 (38.7)

Physical activity

M. Active

20 (34.5)

18 (31)

18 (31)

20 (34.5)

20 (34.5)

24 (41.4)

18 (31)

 

Active

7 (21.9)

10 (31.3)

10 (31.3)

6 (18.8)§

6 (18.8)§

12 (37.5)

10 (31.3)

  1. § = p < 0.05 compared to Sedentary; * = chi-square test with p < 0.05; ** = chi-square test with p < 0.01; M. Active = moderately active; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI = body mass index; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio.