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Table 6 Associations between maternal educational level and health outcomes (ages 0 to 8), adjusted for biological and lifestyle factors.

From: The development of socio-economic health differences in childhood: results of the Dutch longitudinal PIAMA birth cohort

 

Asthma symptoms

Poor general health

Frequent respiratory infections

Educational levelc

Intermediate

Low

Intermediate

Low

Intermediate

Low

 

ORa

CIb

ORa

CIb

ORa

CIb

ORa

CIb

ORa

CIb

ORa

CIb

Model A

1.16

(1.00-1.34)

1.27

(1.08-1.49)

1.11

(0.96-1.27)

1.36

(1.16-1.60)

1.17

(1.02-1.34)

1.57

(1.35-1.83)

Model A + siblings

1.16

(1.00-1.34)

1.26

(1.07-1.48)

-

 

-

 

1.17

(1.02-1.34)

1.56

(1.34-1.82)

Model A + maternal age at birth

1.12

(0.97-1.30)

1.22

(1.03-1.44)

1.02

(0.86-1.17)

1.24

(1.05-1.46)

1.14

(0.99-1.30)

1.51

(1.29-1.78)

Model A + birthweight

1.15

(0.99-1.33)

1.24

(1.05-1.46)

1.10

(0.96-1.26)

1.34

(1.14-1.57)

1.17

(1.02-1.34)

1.55

(1.33-1.81)

Model A + smoking during pregnancyd

1.14

(0.99-1.32)

1.20

(1.02-1.42)

1.09

(0.95-1.26)

1.31

(1.11-1.54)

1.16

(1.01-1.33)

1.51

(1.29-1.76)

Model A + smoking in the homee

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

Model A + breastfeeding

1.10

(0.95-1.27)

1.16

(0.98-1.37)

1.08

(0.93-1.24)

1.30

(1.09-1.54)

1.12

(0.98-1.28)

1.44

(1.22-1.69)

Model A + day-care centre attendancef

-

 

-

 

1.04

(0.91-1.19)

1.24

(1.05-1.45)

-

 

-

 

Total g,h,1

1.04

(0.90-1.21)

1.04

(0.88-1.24)

0.94

(0.82-1.08)

1.06

(0.90-1.26)

1.06

(0.93-1.22)

1.32

(1.11-1.57)

 

Overweight l

Obesity

    

Educational level c

Intermediate

Low

Intermediate

Low

    
 

OR a

CI b

OR a

CI b

OR a

CI b

OR b

CI b

    

Model A

1.16

(0.96-1.40)

1.42

(1.16-1.73)

1.71

(1.11-2.63)

2.82

(1.80-4.41)

    

Model A + siblings

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

     

Model A + maternal age at birth

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

     

Model A + birthweight

1.19

(0.99-1.44)

1.50

(1.23-1.82)

1.75

(1.14-2.69)

2.97

(1.91-4.61)

    

Model A + smoking during pregnancyd

1.15

(0.95-1.39)

1.37

(1.12-1.67)

1.68

(1.10-2.56)

2.55

(1.61-4.02)

    

Model A + smoking in the homee

1.14

(0.94-1.37)

1.36

(1.11-1.66)

1.61

(1.05-2.46)

2.53

(1.62-3.93)

    

Model A + breastfeeding

-

 

-

 

1.63

(1.04-2.55)

2.61

(1.64-4.14)

    

Model A + day-care centre attendancef

1.11

(0.91-1.34)

1.32

(1.07-1.61)

1.52

(1.00-2.32)

2.41

(1.54-3.80)

    

Totalj,k

1.09

(0.90-1.32)

1.26

(1.02-1.54)

1.42

(0.93-2.18)

2.04

(1.28-3.26)

    
  1. Note: Model A includes sex of child, age, and maternal educational level
  2. a odds ratio of health, adjusted for sex of the child
  3. b 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio
  4. c highest educational level is reference
  5. d smoking by the mother during at least the first four weeks of pregnancy
  6. e smoking by anyone in the home more than once a week
  7. f < 4 hours per week
  8. g total model for asthma includes siblings, maternal age at birth, birth weight, smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding
  9. h total model for poor general health includes maternal age at birth, birth weight, smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding and day-care centre attendance
  10. i total model for frequent respiratory infections includes siblings, maternal age at birth, birth weight, smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding
  11. j total model for overweight includes smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the home and day care centre attendance
  12. k total model for obesity includes smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the home, breastfeeding and day-care centre attendance
  13. l overweight includes obesity
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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