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Table 1 Basic analysis of cognitive impairment and related factors. Data collected in Taiwan, 2005

From: Socio-demographic and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly in Taiwan

 

n(%)

Cognitive impairment

p-value

   

No

Yes

 

Age (years)

       

   65-74

1347

(63.6)

1102

(81.8)

245

(18.2)

0.000

   75+

772

(36.4)

545

(70.6)

227

(29.4)

 

Gender

       

   Male

1102

(52.0)

931

(84.5)

171

(15.5)

0.000

   Female

1017

(48.0)

716

(70.4)

301

(29.6)

 

Educational level

       

   Illiterate

624

(29.4)

377

(60.4)

247

(39.6)

0.000

   Elementary school

997

(47.1)

813

(81.5)

184

(18.5)

 

   High school and higher

498

(23.5)

457

(91.8)

41

(8.2)

 

Marital status

       

   Single

690

(32.6)

473

(68.6)

217

(31.4)

0.000

   Married

1429

(67.4)

1174

(82.2)

255

(17.8)

 

Social support

       

   Low

453

(21.4)

309

(68.2)

144

(31.8)

0.000

   Moderate

952

(44.9)

735

(77.2)

217

(22.8)

 

   High

714

(33.7)

603

(84.5)

111

(15.5)

 

Hypertension

       

   No

1216

(57.4)

943

(77.5)

273

(22.5)

0.833

   Yes

903

(42.6)

704

(78.0)

199

(22.0)

 

Diabetes

       

   No

1778

(83.9)

1394

(78.4)

384

(21.6)

0.089

   Yes

341

(16.1)

253

(74.2)

88

(25.8)

 

Heart disease

       

   No

1744

(82.3)

1363

(78.2)

381

(21.8)

0.306

   Yes

375

(17.7)

284

(75.7)

91

(24.3)

 

Hyperlipidemia

       

   No

1654

(78.1)

1258

(76.1)

396

(23.9)

0.000

   Yes

465

(21.9)

389

(83.7)

76

(16.3)

 

Stroke

       

   No

2011

(94.9)

1581

(78.6)

430

(21.4)

0.000

   Yes

108

(5.1)

66

(61.1)

42

(38.9)

 

Physical function

       

   Normal

958

(45.2)

841

(87.8)

117

(12.2)

0.000

   Mild limitation

468

(22.1)

381

(81.4)

87

(18.6)

 

   Moderate limitation

523

(24.7)

337

(64.4)

186

(35.6)

 

   Severe limitation

170

(8.0)

88

(51.8)

82

(48.2)

 

Depressive symptoms

       

   No

1732

(81.7)

1399

(80.8)

333

(19.2)

0.000

   Yes

387

(18.3)

248

(64.1)

139

(35.9)

 

Self-rated health

       

   Poor

468

(22.1)

311

(66.5)

157

(33.5)

0.000

   Fair

876

(41.3)

692

(79.0)

184

(21.0)

 

   Good

775

(36.6)

644

(83.1)

131

(16.9)

 

Alcohol consumption

       

   Non-drinkers

1803

(85.1)

1390

(77.1)

413

(22.9)

0.067

   Light drinkers

166

(7.8)

141

(84.9)

25

(15.1)

 

   Moderate to heavy drinkers

150

(7.1)

116

(77.3)

34

(22.7)

 

Cigarette smoking

       

   Never smokers

1512

(71.4)

1144

(75.7)

368

(24.3)

0.003

   Ex-smokers

231

(10.9)

189

(81.8)

42

(18.2)

 

   Light smokers

196

(9.2)

160

(81.6)

36

(18.4)

 

   Heavy smokers

180

(8.5)

154

(85.6)

26

(14.4)

 

Betel quid chewing

       

   Never chewers

1935

(91.3)

1509

(78.0)

426

(22.0)

0.200

   Ever chewers

184

(8.7)

138

(75.0)

46

(25.0)

 

Leisure-time physical activity

       

   No

846

(39.9)

598

(70.7)

248

(29.3)

0.000

   Low amount

614

(29.0)

486

(79.2)

128

(20.8)

 

   Moderate to vigorous amount

659

(31.1)

563

(85.4)

96

(14.6)

 

Occupational physical activity

       

   No

1694

(79.9)

1311

(77.4)

383

(22.6)

0.162

   Low amount

146

(6.9)

124

(84.9)

22

(15.1)

 

   Moderate amount

139

(6.6)

107

(77.0)

32

(23.0)

 

   Vigorous amount

140

(6.6)

105

(75.0)

35

(25.0)

 

Milk consumption

       

   No

600

(28.3)

454

(75.7)

146

(24.3)

0.085

   Yes

1519

(73.7)

1193

(78.5)

326

(21.5)

 

Fruits and vegetables consumption

       

   Low frequency

106

(5.0)

69

(65.1)

37

(34.9)

0.000

   Medium frequency

792

(37.4)

580

(73.2)

212

(26.8)

 

   High frequency

1221

(57.6)

998

(81.7)

223

(18.3)

 

Coffee intake

       

   No

1415

(66.8)

1034

(73.1)

381

(26.9)

0.000

   Less than once per week

439

(20.7)

370

(84.3)

69

(15.7)

 

   More than once per week

265

(12.5)

243

(91.7)

22

(8.3)

 

Tea intake

       

   No

770

(36.3)

548

(71.2)

222

(28.8)

0.000

   Less than once per week

373

(17.6)

284

(76.1)

89

(23.9)

 

   More than once per week

976

(46.1)

815

(83.5)

161

(16.5)

 

Multivitamin intake

       

   No

1665

(78.6)

1263

(75.9)

402

(24.1)

0.000

   Yes

454

(21.4)

384

(84.6)

70

(15.4)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

       

   Low (< 19)

113

(5.3)

74

(65.5)

39

(34.5)

0.004

   Normal (19 to 24)

965

(45.5)

748

(77.5)

217

(22.5)

 

   Overweight or obese (> 24)

1041

(49.1)

825

(79.3)

216

(20.7)

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