Skip to main content

Table 2 Distribution of potential household determinants of SODIS-use

From: Factors associated with compliance among users of solar water disinfection in rural Bolivia

    

Groups based on SODIS-use behaviour

 

Total

Group 1

('non-adopters')

Group 2

('minimal-adopters')

Group 3

('declining-adopters')

Group 4

('emerging-adopters')

 
 

n = 216

n = 60

n = 68

n = 21

n = 42

P- values*

Demography

                

Number of household members

216

6.0

(5;9)

60

6.0

(5;8.5)

68

6.0

(4;9)

21

6.0

(5;7)

42

7.0

(5;9)

0.24

Age of household members

216

15.8

(13;18.1)

60

15.5

(13.7;17.6)

68

15.9

(13.3;18.7)

21

15.9

(13;17.8)

42

16.0

(12.1;18.4)

0.88

Number of females

216

3.0

(2;4)

60

3.0

(2;4)

68

3.0

(2;5)

21

3.0

(2;4)

42

4.0

(3;6)

0.04

Pregnant women at start of campaign

216

0.0

(0;0)

60

0.0

(0;0)

68

0.0

(0;0)

21

0.0

(0;0)

42

0.0

(0;0)

0.09

Children aged < 5

216

1.0

(1;2)

60

1.0

(1;2)

68

2.0

(1;2)

21

1.0

(1;2)

42

2.0

(1;2)

0.06

Children aged 5-9

216

1.0

(0;2)

60

2.0

(0;2)

68

1.0

(0;2)

21

1.0

(0;2)

42

1.0

(1;2)

0.60

Children aged 10-14

216

0.0

(0;1)

60

0.0

(0;2)

68

0.0

(0;1)

21

0.0

(0;1)

42

0.0

(0;2)

0.80

Members aged 15-19

216

0.0

(0;1)

60

0.0

(0;1)

68

1.0

(0;1)

21

0.0

(0;1)

42

0.0

(0;1)

0.95

Members aged > = 20

216

2.0

(2;2)

60

2.0

(2;2)

68

2.0

(2;2.5)

21

2.0

(2;2)

42

2.0

(2;2)

0.17

Caregivers' age

208

28.0

(23;36)

58

28.8

(23;35)

67

29.0

(23;37)

19

30.0

(22;36)

41

28.0

(23;40)

0.87

Socioeconomic characteristics

                

Years of household heads' schooling

155

4.0

(3;5)

43

4.0

(2;5)

52

4.0

(3;5)

14

4.0

(3;5)

28

4.0

(2.5;5)

0.38

Monthly household income in US$

120

16.9

(0;37.5)

35

12.5

(0;25)

37

12.5

(0;31.3)

7

25.0

(12.5;37.5)

24

31.3

(0;47.5)

0.25

Bicycle: n (%)

192

107

(55.7)

49

25

(51)

65

40

(61.5)

18

14.0

(77.8)

39

17.0

(43.6)

0.07

Radio: n (%)

192

158

(82.3)

49

41

(83.7)

65

55

(84.6)

18

13

(72.2)

39

30

(76.9)

0.53

Gas cooker: n (%)

181

32

(17.7)

53

9

(17)

66

16

(24.2)

20

3

(15)

42

4

(9.5)

0.28

Number of rooms

192

3.0

(2;4)

49

2.0

(2;3)

65

3.0

(2;4)

18

3.0

(2;3)

39

3.0

(2;4)

0.29

Latrine: n (%)

192

34

(17.7)

49

4

(8.2)

65

5

(7.7)

18

10

(55.6)

39

10

(25.6)

>0.001

Electricity: n (%)

192

36

(18.8)

49

11

(22.5)

65

16

(24.6)

18

1

(5.6)

39

3

(7.7)

0.06

Solar panel: n (%)

130

30

(23)

29

9

(31)

50

8

(16)

12

3

(25)

25

5

(20)

0.44

Tiled roof: n (%)

181

57

(31.5)

53

19

(35.9)

66

18

(27.3)

20

8

(40)

42

12

(28.6)

0.60

Environmental housing factors

                

Use of improved water source: n (%)**

192

149

(77.6)

49

36

(73.5)

65

53

(81.5)

18

15

(83.3)

39

29

(74.4)

0.69

Use of unimproved water source: n (%)***

192

133

(69.3)

49

37

(75.5)

65

48

(73.9)

18

10

(55.6)

39

24

(61.5)

0.23

Distance to water source in metres.

192

22.5

(5;50)

49

100.0

(10;200)

65

30.0

(7;100)

18

5.0

(4;30)

39

10.0

(5;200)

0.03

Turbidity of source water (NTU)

101

5.0

(5;20)

30

5.0

(5;40)

34

5.0

(5;20)

7

5.0

(5;40)

19

5.0

(5;15)

0.79

Faecal contamination of housing environment: n (%)

185

106

(57.3)

50

31

(62)

62

34

(54.8)

16

9

(56.3)

36

16

(44.4)

0.46

Animals present in the kitchen: n (%)

168

45

(26.8)

42

15

(35.7)

57

13

(22.8)

15

3

(20)

33

6

(18.2)

0.32

Soap, detergent present in the kitchen: n (%)

166

29

(17.5)

41

6

(14.6)

56

12

(21.4)

15

3

(20)

33

4

(12.1)

0.68

Household members health status

                

Households with at least one stunted child < 5: n (%)

167

62

(37.1)

43

12

(27.9)

53

19

(35.9)

17

8

(47.1)

35

16

(45.7)

0.33

Households with at least one wasted child < 5: n (%)

167

85

(50.9)

43

17

(39.5)

53

25

(47.2)

17

11

(64.7)

35

23

(65.7)

0.08

Diarrhoea incidence in children < 5 before start of intervention

216

3.0

(0;7)

60

3.0

(0;5)

68

3.0

(1;7)

21

6.0

(1;12)

42

3.0

(0;6)

0.22

Diarrhoea prevalence (%) in children < 5 before start of intervention

216

7.0

(1;14)

60

5.0

(0;12)

68

8.0

(2;14)

21

7.0

(2;32)

42

6.0

(0;17)

0.26

Cough prevalence (%) in children < 5 before start of intervention

216

8.0

(0;20)

60

5.0

(0;17)

68

8.0

(2;21)

21

1.0

(0;17)

42

10.0

(0;24)

0.72

Fever prevalence (%) in children < 5 before start of intervention

216

7.0

(2;15)

60

6.0

(0;16)

68

5.0

(1;11)

21

6.0

(2;19)

42

7.0

(2;22)

0.58

Hand-washing behaviour

                

Hand-washing per day of children > 5 and adults

169

4.0

(3;5)

44

4.0

(3;5)

57

3.0

(3;5)

15

3.0

(3;5)

33

4.0

(3;5)

0.27

Hand-washing per day of children < 5

192

2.6

(2;3)

49

2.5

(2;3)

65

2.5

(2;3)

18

3.0

(2;3)

39

2.7

(2;3)

0.96

Household water management

                

Safe storage: n (%)

155

19

(12.3)

34

4

(11.8)

57

5

(8.8)

14

5

(37.5)

30

2

(6.7)

0.06

Water disinfection: n (%)

192

42

(21.9)

49

12

(4.5)

65

13

(20)

18

5

(27.8)

39

9

(23.1)

0.86

Household water consumption [l/household day]

189

40

(20;50)

58

35

(20;50)

67

40

(20;60)

21

50

(20;60)

41

30

(20;60)

0.81

Satisfied with quality of drinking water: n (%)

201

190

(94.5)

54

51

(94.4)

64

59

(92.2)

19

19

(94.7)

40

39

(97.5)

0.76

  1. Baseline data are median (Q1; Q3), otherwise specified. *: Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact test for comparing group 1, 2, 3, and 4; **: Improved water source: piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; tubewell/borehole; protected spring; rainwater collection. ***: Unimproved water source: unprotected dug well or spring; bowser-truck; surface water (river, dam, pond, irrigation channels)
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us