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Table 3 Risk factors by pattern of health service use

From: Stressful life events, social health issues and low birthweight in an Australian population-based birth cohort: challenges and opportunities in antenatal care

 

Timing of first antenatal visit

Number of antenatal visits

 

≤12 weeks'

gestation

No. (%)

> 12 weeks'

gestation

No. (%)

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

< 5 visits

No. (%)

5-8 visits

No. (%)

> 8 visits

No. (%)

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)**

Maternal age

       

≤24 years

365 (88.2)

49 (11.8)

1.00 ref

29 (7.3)

168 (42.4)

199 (50.3)

1.00 ref

≥25 years

3597 (95.2)

180 (4.8)

2.68

(1.9-3.7)

144 (3.9)

1503 (40.1)

2048 (55.4)

1.95

(1.3-2.9)

Adjusted household income (AUD)

       

< $20,000

839 (89.7)

96 (10.3)

2.94

(2.1-4.0)

53 (5.9)

412 (45.6)

439 (48.6)

1.62

(1.1-2.3)

$20,000-$40,000

1878 (96.3)

73 (3.7)

1.00 ref

71 (3.7)

770 (40.3)

1072 (56.0)

1.00 ref

> $40,000

941 (96.2)

37 (3.8)

1.01

(0.7-1.5)

30 (3.1)

372 (38.6)

561 (58.3)

0.83

(0.5-1.3)

Educational attainment

       

Completed year 12

3243 (94.9)

173 (5.1)

1.00 ref

118 (3.5)

1351 (40.4)

1875 (56.1)

1.00 ref

Did not complete year 12

821 (92.5)

67 (7.6)

1.53

(1.1-2.0)

59 (6.9)

360 (41.9)

440 (51.2)

2.02

(1.5-2.8)

Maternal country of birth

       

Australia

3330 (94.8)

182 (5.2)

1.00 ref

129 (3.7)

1375 (40.0)

1936 (56.3)

1.00 ref

Overseas - English speaking

247 (91.8)

22 (8.2)

1.63

(1.0-2.6)

16 (6.3)

117 (45.7)

123 (48.1)

1.71

(1.0-2.9)

Overseas - Non-English speaking

484 (93.3)

35 (6.7)

1.32

(0.9-1.9)

29 (5.8)

216 (43.1)

256 (51.1)

1.58

(1.0-2.4)

Relationship status

       

Married

3155 (95.7)

143 (4.3)

1.00 ref

118 (3.6)

1292 (40.0)

1821 (56.4)

1.00 ref

Living with partner

764 (92.0)

66 (8.0)

1.9

(1.4-2.6)

44 (5.5)

349 (43.4)

412 (51.2)

1.52

(1.0-2.2)

Single/divorced/separated

161 (84.3)

30 (15.7)

4.11

(2.7-6.3)

16 (8.9)

76 (42.2)

88 (48.9)

2.57

(1.5-4.4)

Risk of complications in pregnancy

       

Lower risk

2470 (93.9)

160 (6.1)

1.0 ref

108 (4.2)

1147 (44.8)

1306 (51.0)

1.00 ref

Higher risk

1622 (95.2)

82 (4.8)

0.78

(0.6-1.0)

71 (4.3)

576 (34.5)

1022 (61.2)

1.01

(0.7-1.4)

Maternal pre-pregnant BMI

       

Underweight (< 18.5)

167 (92.8)

13 (7.2)

1.41

(0.8-2.6)

8 (4.6)

67 (38.3)

100 (57.1)

1.05

(0.5-2.2)

Normal weight (18.5-24.9)

2268 (94.8)

125 (5.2)

1.00 ref

102 (4.4)

963 (41.3)

1266 (54.3)

1.00 ref

Overweight (25.0-29.9)

855 (94.6)

49 (5.4)

1.04

(0.7-1.5)

40 (4.5)

363 (40.7)

490 (54.9)

1.02

(0.7-1.5)

Obese (≥30)

546 (94.0)

35 (6.0)

1.16

(0.8-1.7)

15 (2.6)

226 (39.7)

328 (57.6)

0.59

(0.3-1.0)

Smoking in pregnancy

       

Non-smoker

3310 (94.8)

181 (5.2)

1.00 ref

124 (3.6)

1377 (40.4)

1906 (55.9)

1.00 ref

Quit in pregnancy

327 (93.7)

22 (6.3)

1.23

(0.8-1.9)

13 (3.8)

142 (41.3)

189 (54.9)

1.04

(0.6-1.9)

Smoking throughout pregnancy

363 (91.2)

35 (8.8)

1.76

(1.2-2.6)

34 (8.8)

166 (42.9)

187 (48.3)

2.55

(1.7-3.8)

Stressful life events/social health issues

       

None

1361 (95.3)

67 (4.7)

1.00 ref

40 (2.9)

551 (39.5)

805 (57.7)

1.00 ref

One to two issues

2009 (94.3)

122 (5.7)

1.36

(0.9-2.0)

94 (4.5)

865 (41.4)

1130 (54.1)

1.6

(1.1-2.3)

≥3 issues

709 (93.0)

53 (7.0)

2.06

(1.3-3.1)

44 (6.0)

301 (41.1)

387 (52.9)

2.17

(1.4-3.4)

  1. ** Odds ratios in the last column refer to comparisons of women attending <5 visits with women attending ≥ 5 visits.
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