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Table 2 Comparison of usual weekly minutes walking for recreation and transportation inside the neighbourhood in summer and winter among dog-owners and non-owners

From: Does dog-ownership influence seasonal patterns of neighbourhood-based walking among adults? A longitudinal study

  

Summer

Winter

Mean difference in minutes

between winter and summer

within dog-ownership status

 

Dog ownership status

Mean(SD)

95%CI

Mean(SD)

95%CI

Mean difference

95%CI

Neighbourhood walking for recreation

Non-owners

123.3 (157.7)

105.8,140.9*

107.1 (135.9)

92.0, 122.2*

16.2

-2.3, 34.8

 

Owners

213.6 (206.8)

175.4, 251.8*

253.2 (211.8)

214.0, 292.3*

-39.6†

-70.2, -8.9

Neighbourhood walking for transportation

Non-owners

74.9 (123.7)

61.2, 88.7

69.8 (119.3)

56.5, 83.1

5.2

-7.4, 17.8

 

Owners

59.1 (128.2)

35.4, 82.8

59.9 (112.6)

39.1, 80.7

-0.83

-21.6, 19.9

  1. *Significant difference between dog-owners and non-owners within season (p < .05).
  2. † Change in minutes from winter to summer significantly different between dog-owners and non-owners (p < .05).
  3. Negative values: mean walking minutes in winter > mean minutes of walking in summer.
  4. Positive values: mean minutes of walking in summer > mean minutes of walking in winter.
  5. All results adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, income, education and type of house.