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Table 3 Odds ratiosa and 95% confidence intervals for associations between physician visits or hospitalizations for intestinal infectious diseases and socio-demographic, temporal, and environmental variables.

From: Water and sewage systems, socio-demographics, and duration of residence associated with endemic intestinal infectious diseases: A cohort study

 

Physician Visits

Hospitalizations

  

Wald 95%

Confidence

Limits

 

Wald 95%

Confidence

Limits

Variable & Category

Odds

Ratio

Lower

Upper

Odds

Ratio

Lower

Upper

Sex

      

   Female

1.08

1.03

1.13

1.18

0.88

1.58

   Male

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Age

   < 1

5.22

4.26

6.40

2.75

0.60

12.6

   1 - 4

4.83

4.32

5.39

6.54

3.64

11.8

   5 - 9

1.81

1.61

2.04

1.33

0.69

2.58

   10 - 19

0.80

0.71

0.90

0.54

0.27

1.07

   20 - 29

1.31

1.17

1.47

0.26

0.11

0.64

   30 - 39

0.96

0.86

1.08

0.14

0.05

0.40

   40 - 49

0.69

0.61

0.78

0.22

0.09

0.51

   50 - 59

0.63

0.55

0.72

0.20

0.07

0.56

   60 - 69

0.69

0.59

0.80

0.62

0.27

1.42

   ≥ 70

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Season

   Spring

1.08

1.01

1.15

1.45

1.01

2.07

   Summer

0.89

0.83

0.95

0.55

0.35

0.87

   Fall

0.77

0.72

0.83

0.50

0.31

0.81

   Winter

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Duration of Residence in the Township

   < 1 year

1.16

1.03

1.30

1.04

0.46

2.35

   1 - 2 years

0.98

0.88

1.09

0.89

0.40

1.95

   2 - 3 years

0.80

0.70

0.91

0.73

0.30

1.78

   3 - 6 years

0.73

0.64

0.82

0.62

0.26

1.49

   ≥ 6 years

0.69

0.60

0.80

0.55

0.20

1.57

   Unknown

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Household income quintile of the neighborhood

   Low

1.18

1.03

1.34

1.17

0.58

2.37

   Medium Low

1.19

1.07

1.32

0.91

0.49

1.69

   Medium

1.06

0.98

1.15

0.85

0.51

1.42

   Medium High

1.02

0.95

1.09

0.89

0.57

1.39

   High

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Drinking Water Disinfection

   Chlorination

0.92

0.85

1.00

0.89

0.53

1.48

   None

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Water System or Subsystem

   Municipal A: mixed surface (66-96%) & well

1.57

1.39

1.78

0.54

0.24

1.20

   Municipal B: mixed surface (66-96%) & well

1.45

1.28

1.64

0.66

0.29

1.52

   Municipal C: mixed surface (12-63%) & well

1.01

0.90

1.12

0.71

0.36

1.40

   Municipal D: well, with surface water added in emergencies & summer

1.00

0.87

1.15

0.83

0.37

1.87

   Municipal E: well, with surface water added in emergencies & summer

0.89

0.69

1.15

1.35

0.45

4.03

   Municipal F: well, large systems

0.96

0.85

1.08

0.93

0.45

1.94

   Municipal G: well, small systems

0.51

0.27

0.99

0

0

> 999

   Community well

1.04

0.83

1.30

0.34

0.05

2.49

   Private well

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Sewage Disposal

   Municipal sewer

1.26

1.14

1.38

1.42

0.77

2.62

   Private sewage system

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

Land Use

   Agricultural

1.06

0.95

1.19

0.95

0.51

1.80

   Residential

1.00

-

-

1.00

-

-

  1. a Based on unconditional logistic regression, also adjusted for calendar year. Statistically significant odds ratios in bold.
  2. - Reference value, no confidence limits calculated.
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