From: Early life factors and being overweight at 4 years of age among children in Malmö, Sweden
Child normal weight | Child overweight*† | Child obese† | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 7349; 85%) | (n = 1272; 15%) | (n = 264; 3%) | |
Sociodemographic factors | |||
Male sex (%) | 51.2 | 44.8‡ | 46.2‡ |
Both parents born outside Sweden (%) | 28.7 | 28.8 | 34.2‡ |
Mother low education (%) | 13.2 | 13.8 | 19.9‡ |
Father low education (%) | 14.3 | 15.6 | 22.1‡ |
Firstborn (%) | 46.1 | 44.8 | 41.9 |
No day care (%) | 4.6 | 4.1 | 7.5 |
Crowded living (%) | 10.8 | 11.1 | 15.5‡ |
Not taken part of parental education (%) | 47.4 | 49.7 | 54.4‡ |
Parental overweight | |||
Mother overweight (%) | 27.3 | 37.6‡ | 49.3‡ |
Father overweight (%) | 52.1 | 69.3‡ | 73.7‡ |
Both parents overweight (%) | 17.0 | 29.1‡ | 40.0‡ |
Life style factors | |||
Child's intake of sweetened beverages (%) | 10.5 | 12.0 | 12.7 |
Secondhand tobacco smoke at 4 years of age (%) | 22.6 | 26.4‡ | 32.6‡ |
Early life factors | |||
Mother smoking during pregnancy (%) | 9.6 | 13.6‡ | 20.0‡ |
Secondhand tobacco smoke at 0-4 weeks (%) | 22.3 | 26.1‡ | 33.6‡ |
Secondhand tobacco smoke at 8 months (%) | 24.8 | 28.2‡ | 37.0‡ |
High birth weight (>4000 g) (%) | 15.8 | 24.0‡ | 25.6‡ |
Not breastfed (%) | 3.9 | 5.0 | 6.5‡ |
Economic and psychosocial factors (%) | |||
Parental low emotional support (%) | 21.1 | 22.3 | 26.3 |
Parental low practical support (%) | 29.8 | 29.5 | 28.9 |
Parental economic stress (%) | 6.1 | 8.0‡ | 9.6‡ |