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Table 2 Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of tobacco use by parental socioeconomic measures among adolescents, statistically significant odds ratios in bold.

From: Do socioeconomic differences in tobacco use exist also in developing countries? A study of Ghanaian adolescents

Socioeconomic indicator

Tawa use

 

Smoking

 
 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

MAS

    

*

*

Most affluent

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

  

Affluent

0.4 (0.1-2.2)

P = 0.303

0.4 (0.1-2.1)

P = 0.280

0.4 (0.1-2.1)

P = 0.291

0.3 (0.1-3.6)

P = 0.093

  

Average

1.6 (0.5-4.9)

p = 0.432

1.3 (0.4-4.2)

P = 0.684

1.4 (0.4-4.6)

P = 0.0.567

1.4 (0.5-3.6)

P = 0.439

  

Second poorest

4.6 (1.7-12.5)

P = 0.003

4.0 (1.4-11.3)

P = 0.009

3.1 (1.0-9.1)

P = 0.040

2.2 (0.9-5.3)

P = 0.066

  

Poorest

3.5 (1.2-9.9)

P = 0.016

3.1 (1.0-9.4)

P = 0.041

3.2 (1.0-9.5)

P = 0.042

1.6 (0.6-3.9)

P = 0.333

  

Family structure

      

Nuclear family

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Both parents alive but not together

1.4 (0.7-3.0)

P = 0.362

1.6 (0.7-3.7)

P = 0.205

1.6 (0.7-3.8)

P = 0.213

1.4 (0.7-2.8)

P = 0.325

1.3 (0.6-2.7)

P = 0.446

1.3 (0.6-2.8)

P = 0.420

Only one parent alive

2.4 (1.2-4.9)

P = 0.011

2.7 (1.3-5.8)

P = 0.010

2.2 (1.0-5.0)

P = 0.054

2.5 (1.3-4.7)

P = 0.005

2.2 (1.1-4.3)

P = 0.021

2.5 (1.3-4.9)

P = 0.006

Both parents dead

6.9 (2.8-17.2)

P < 0.001

7.7 (2.7-21.4)

P < 0.001

6.1 (2.0-18.3)

P < 0.001

6.1 (2.5-15.0)

P < 0.001

4.1 (1.5-11.4)

P = 0.006

5.6 (2.1-14.8)

P < 0.001

Father's education

  

*

  

*

Tertiary education

1.0

1.0

 

1.0

1.0

 

Secondary education

1.4 (0.6-3.3)

P = 0.190

0.6 (0.1-2.1)

P = 0.463

 

1.4 (0.6-2.9)

P = 0.411

1.4 (0.6-2.9)

P = 0.418

 

Primary education

2.3 (1.0-5.0)

P = 0.041

1.0 (0.4-2.5)

P = 0.913

 

1.0 (0.5-2.3)

P = 0.889

0.9 (0.4-2.1)

P = 0.889

 

Illiterate

2.0 (0.7-5.9)

P = 0.425

1.2 (0.5-2.9)

P = 0.694

 

3.0 (1.3-7.3)

P = 0.013

2.4 (1.0-5.9)

P = 0.060

 

Mother's education

 

*

*

 

*

*

Tertiary education

1.0

  

1.0

  

Secondary education

0.7 (0.2-1.9)

P = 0.437

  

0.4 (0.1-1.3)

P = 0.138

  

Primary education

1.0 (0.4-2.4)

P = 0.936

  

1.1 (0.4-2.9)

P = 0.774

  

Illiterate

1.3 (0.5-3.7)

P = 0.591

  

0.8 (0.3-2.5)

P = 0.783

  

Father's occupation

 

*

*

 

*

*

High grade

1.0

  

1.0

  

Low grade

1.3 (0.7-2.5)

P = 0.367

  

1.2 (0.7-2.2)

P = 0.526

  

Mother's occupation

 

*

*

 

*

*

High grade

1.0

  

1.0

  

Low grade

1.1 (0.4-2.6)

P = 0.873

  

0.6 (0.3-1.4)

P = 0.647

  
  1. Model 1 = socioeconomic measure + age + gender (bivariate).
  2. Model 2 = age + gender + statistically significant socioeconomic measures in model 1.
  3. Model 3 = age + gender + statistically significant socioeconomic measures in model 2 + paternal smoking +maternal smoking.
  4. * Not included in the model.
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