Table 1 Characteristics of study populations.

Mean ± SD

Age (yrs)

43.2 ± 8.7

44.5 ± 8.9

50.9 ± 8.5

50.3 ± 8.4

BMI (kg/m²)

28.8 ± 5.6

29.7 ± 7.7

28.0 ± 4.5

27.7 ± 6.0

WHR

0.98 ± 0.07

0.90 ± 0.10

0.94 ± 0.07

0.82 ± 0.06

Waist (cm)

99.9 ± 14.1

97.5 ± 17.1

98.2 ± 12.0

87.2 ± 13.8

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124.5 ± 16.4

117.8 ± 16.8

124.1 ± 17.7

115.4 ± 17.7

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

79.5 ± 10.3

75.5 ± 9.3

73.3 ± 9.1

66.0 ± 9.7

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.40 ± 1.33

5.17 ± 0.94

5.19 ± 0.94

5.25 ± 0.97

HDL (mmol/L)

1.02 ± 0.32

1.17 ± 0.33

1.25 ± 0.31

1.56 ± 0.39

Geometric mean(95%CI)

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

6.04(5.77-6.32)

5.85(5.67-6.04)

5.48(5.44-5.52)

5.23(5.19-5.27)

CRP (mg/L)

3.43(2.68-3.63)

4.65(4.10-5.27)

1.94(1.84-2.04)

2.16(2.03-2.29)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.13(1.93-2.35)

1.58(1.49-1.67)

1.43(1.39-1.47)

1.10(1.07-1.13)

Fibrinogen

3.69(3.51-3.89)

3.82(3.68-3.97)

2.70(2.67-2.74)

2.86(2.82-2.89)

Fasting Insulin (mU/L)**

9.11(8.16-10.18)

10.41(9.54-11.37)

7.56(7.31-7.83)

6.94(6.72-7.18)

HOMA-IR**

2.45(2.15-2.78)

2.71(2.45-3.00)

1.84(1.77-1.91)

1.61(1.55-1.67)

Percentages

Glucose tolerance

   Diabetes

23.3

25.2

6.8

5.4

   IFG/IGT

19.8

16.5

12.8

9.5

   Normal

56.9

58.3

80.4

85.1

Smoking status

   Current

45.5

42.9

13.0

8.9

   Former

28.1

22.0

33.9

27.6

   Never

21.0

27.2

49.4

59.6