Characteristic | Age and sex adjusted (Model I)†| Adjusted for the final model (Model III)‡ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | n | RR | 95% CI | n | RR | 95% CI |
Occupation (SES) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Non-manual | 184 | 1 [ref] | . | . | . | . |
   Manual | 112 | 1.43 | 0.98-2.07 | . | . | . |
   Self-employed | 40 | 0.32 | 0.12-0.89 | . | . | . |
Smoking, current | 331 | 1.14 | 0.74-1.78 | . | . | . |
BMI | 339 | 1.03 | 0.98-1.07 | . | . | . |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Lowa | 263 | 1 [ref] | . | . | . | . |
   Mediumb | 36 | 0.18 | 0.05-0.64 | . | . | . |
   Highc | 25 | 0.80 | 0.37-1.71 | . | . | . |
Disease (self report diagnosis) | 340 | 1.83 | 1.25-2.67 | . | . | . |
Past sickness absence | 334 | 1.01 | 1.01-1.02 | . | . | . |
I Work environment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Job strain | 323 | 3.09 | 1.05-9.07 | 293 | 1.16 | 0.38-3.53 |
   Psychological demands | 326 | 1.00 | 0.93-1.07 | 294 | 0.97 | 0.90-1.05 |
   Decision latitude | 337 | 0.91 | 0.85-0.98 | 303 | 0.97 | 0.90-1.05 |
Social support at work | 318 | 0.93 | 0.85-1.02 | 283 | 0.97 | 0.88-1.07 |
Overcommitment | 329 | 0.99 | 0.95-1.04 | 294 | 0.98 | 0.93-1.02 |
II Emotional support | 337 | 1.51 | 1.11-2.05 | 301 | 1.74 | 1.21-2.51 |
III Psychological resources | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1. Sense of coherence | 337 | 0.99 | 0.97-1.01 | 302 | 1.01 | 0.99-1.04 |
2. Mastery | 330 | 1.00 | 0.94-1.06 | 294 | 1.07 | 1.00-1.15 |
3. Self-esteem | 328 | 0.94 | 0.90-0.97 | 293 | 0.98 | 0.94-1.02 |
4. Perceived control | 311 | 1.02 | 0.99-1.05 | 280 | 1.05 | 1.02-1.09 |
Previous back pain | 329 | 1.74 | 1.11-2.72 | 295 | 1.43 | 0.92-2.22 |