Table 3 Crude predictors of inpatient neonatal death in univariable analysis
From: An increase in the burden of neonatal admissions to a rural district hospital in Kenya over 19 years
Signs | Alive | Died | Crude LR (univariable) | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | 1,793 | 250 | 0.54 | 0.48-0.61 |
No Fever | 2,595 | 881 | 1.32 | 1.27 -1.37 |
Axilary temperature <36°C | 816 | 533 | 2.62 | 2.40-2.86 |
36°C to 37.4°C | 2,369 | 314 | 0.53 | 0.48- 0.59 |
37.5°C to 38.4°C | 830 | 128 | 0.62 | 0.52- 0.74 |
38.5°C to 39.4°C | 290 | 71 | 0.98 | 0.77- 1.26 |
≥39.5°C | 58 | 40 | 2.77 | 1.86-4.12 |
Cough | 749 | 66 | 1.14 | 1.11-1.16 |
No Cough | 3,639 | 1,065 | 0.34 | 0.27-0.44 |
Indrawing | 1,337 | 519 | 1.51 | 1.39-1.63 |
No indrawing | 3,051 | 612 | 0.78 | 0.74-0.82 |
Wheeze | 30 | 8 | 1.04 | 0.48-2.26 |
No wheeze | 4,088 | 1,049 | 1.00 | 0.99-1.01 |
Stridor | 21 | 6 | 1.10 | 0.44-2.72 |
No stridor | 4,308 | 1,120 | 1.00 | 1.00- 1.004 |
Irregular breathing | 280 | 252 | 3.60 | 3.08- 4.20 |
Regular breathing | 3,545 | 705 | 0.80 | 0.77- 0.83 |
No Deep breathing | 3,516 | 858 | 0.903 | 0.88-0.93 |
Difficulty in breathing | 1,240 | 443 | 1.37 | 1.27-1.49 |
No difficulty in breathing | 2,098 | 426 | 0.78 | 0.73-0.84 |
Nasal flaring | 589 | 238 | 1.43 | 1.25-1.63 |
No nasal flaring | 2,661 | 682 | 0.91 | 0.87- 0.94 |
BCG scar | 885 | 103 | 0.43 | 0.36- 0.52 |
No BCG scar | 2,814 | 898 | 1.18 | 1.15- 1.21 |
Respiratory rate (per minute) <30 | 212 | 181 | 3.33 | 2.76-4.01 |
30 to 59 | 2,894 | 591 | 0.80 | 0.75-0.84 |
60 to 80 | 969 | 264 | 1.06 | 0.94 -1.20 |
> 80 | 236 | 70 | 1.16 | 0.89-1.50 |
Cyanosis | 205 | 208 | 3.90 | 3.25- 4.68 |
No Cyanosis | 4,123 | 918 | 0.86 | 0.83-0.88 |
Oxygen saturation (%) <90 | 605 | 457 | 2.94 | 2.66- 3.26 |
90 to 100 | 3,072 | 666 | 0.69 | 0.66-0.72 |
Diarrhoea | 66 | 11 | 0.65 | 0.34 -1.22 |
No diarrhoea | 4,322 | 1,120 | 1.01 | 1.00-1.01 |
Vomiting | 230 | 26 | 0.44 | 0.29-0.65 |
No Vomiting | 4,158 | 1,105 | 1.03 | 1.02-1.043 |
Decreased skin turgor | 135 | 46 | 1.21 | 0.87-1.68 |
Normal skin turgor | 3,012 | 839 | 0.99 | 0.97- 1.01 |
Sunken eyes | 59 | 17 | 1.13 | 0.66-1.93 |
No sunken eyes | 3,851 | 978 | 1.00 | 0.99-1.08 |
Temperature gradient | 443 | 297 | 2.48 | 2.18-2.82 |
No temperature gradient | 3,087 | 657 | 0.79 | 0.75-0.82 |
Weak pulse | 197 | 226 | 4.43 | 3.72-5.28 |
Normal pulse | 3,004 | 606 | 0.78 | 0.74-0.81 |
Capillary refill time(seconds) <1 | 2,578 | 449 | 0.67 | 0.62-0.72 |
1 to 3 | 1,670 | 566 | 1.31 | 1.22-1.40 |
> 3 | 80 | 109 | 5.25 | 3.96-6.95 |
Heart rate(per minute) <100 | 130 | 124 | 3.566 | 2.82- 4.52 |
100 to 180 | 3,077 | 725 | 0.881 | 0.85-0.92 |
> 180 | 558 | 158 | 1.059 | 0.90-1.5 |
Pallor | 225 | 170 | 2.93 | 2.43-3.54 |
No Pallor | 4,163 | 961 | 0.90 | 0.87-0.92 |
breastfeeding | 2,883 | 369 | 0.49 | 0.45-0.54 |
Not able to breastfeed | 1,442 | 758 | 2.02 | 1.90 -2.14 |
cry | 3,184 | 614 | 0.77 | 0.73-0.81 |
No cry | 642 | 344 | 2.14 | 1.92 -2.39 |
Bulging fontanel | 45 | 19 | 1.77 | 0.99- 2.87 |
Normal fontanel | 3,767 | 935 | 0.99 | 0.98- 1.00 |
Neck stiffness | 29 | 26 | 3.48 | 2.06- 5.88 |
No neck stiffness | 4,286 | 1,087 | 0.98 | 0.97-0.99 |
irritable | 109 | 55 | 1.97 | 1.43 2.70 |
Not irritable | 4,007 | 1,001 | 0.97 | 0.96 -0.99 |
Convulsions | 247 | 45 | 0.68 | 0.50- 0.93 |
No convulsions | 3,513 | 964 | 1.02 | 1.01-1.04 |
Weight(kg) <1.5 | 367 | 381 | 4.18 | 3.68-4.74 |
1.5 to <2.0 | 492 | 150 | 1.23 | 1.03-1.45 |
2.0 to <2.5 | 769 | 166 | 0.87 | 0.74-1.01 |
≥2.5 | 2,727 | 386 | 0.57 | 0.52-0.62 |
Age in days 0 to 2 | 1,335 | 619 | 1.73 | 1.62-1.85 |
3 to 6 | 808 | 231 | 1.07 | 0.94- 1.22 |
7 to 28 | 1,615 | 156 | 0.36 | 0.31- 0.42 |
Neonatal encephalopathy | 298 | 150 | 1.81 | 1.51-2.17 |
Not neonatal encephalopathy | 2,888 | 737 | 0.92 | 0.89-0.95 |
Neonatal tetanus | 47 | 69 | 5.27 | 3.67-7.58 |
Not neonatal tetanus | 3,139 | 818 | 0.94 | 0.92- 0.96 |
preterm | 289 | 262 | 3.26 | 2.80-3.78 |
Not preterm | 2,897 | 625 | 0.78 | 0.74-0.81 |
Neonatal sepsis | 1,332 | 199 | 0.54 | 0.47- 0.61 |
Not neonatal sepsis | 1,854 | 688 | 1.33 | 1.27- 1.40 |
meningitis | 55 | 19 | 1.24 | 0.74- 2.08 |
Not meningitis | 3,131 | 868 | 1.00 | 0.99- 1.01 |
Jaundice | 509 | 86 | 0.61 | 0.49-0.75 |
Not jaundice | 2,667 | 809 | 1.08 | 1.05-1.10 |
Blood glucose level(mmols/l) < 2.6 | 705 | 279 | 1.44 | 1.28-1.62 |
≥ 2.6 to ≤ 7.0 | 2,327 | 422 | 0.66 | 0.61-0.71 |
> 7.0 | 236 | 199 | 3.06 | 2.57-3.64 |
Culture (blood or CSF) Positive | 370 | 171 | 1.81 | 1.527 to 2.133 |
Negative | 3,437 | 804 | 0.91 | 0.886 to 0.942 |