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Table 3 Gender-specific multivariable adjusted PRs¹ for individual components of the metabolic syndrome defined according to modified IDF criteria by frequency and volume of alcohol consumption, other life-style factors, levels of GGT, AST-to-ALT ratio and C-reactive protein

From: Metabolic syndrome in Russian adults: associated factors and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes

  Metabolic abnormalities
  High TG Low HDL-C Central obesity2 Hypertension Hyperglycemia
Men (1918)      
Frequency of alcohol intake      
   Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
   1 time a month 0.85(0.65-1.12) 0.94(0.75-1.18) 1.11(0.83-1.49) 1.01(0.90-1.14) 0.52(0.26-1.02)
   2-4 times a month 0.76(0.59-0.97) 0.80(0.65-0.98) 0.95(0.71-1.26) 0.96(0.86-1.08) 0.59(0.33-1.05)
   ≥5 times a month 1.02(0.76-1.36) 0.85(0.64-1.12) 0.89(0.62-1.29) 0.97(0.83-1.13) 0.42(0.13-1.37)
   P for trend 0.743 0.059 0.243 0.410 0.090
Number of AU on one occasion3      
   Abstainers Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
   1-4 AU 0.90(0.71-1.16) 0.86(0.70-1.06) 1.00(0.76-1.33) 0.97(0.87-1.09) 0.56(0.30-1.02)
   ≥5 AU 0.73(0.57-0.95) 0.79(0.63-0.98) 0.96(0.71-1.29) 0.96(0.86-1.08) 0.50(0.27-0.95)
   P for trend 0.005 0.034 0.682 0.603 0.053
Current smoking 1.12(0.95-1.33) 1.25(1.07-1.46) 0.61(0.50-0.74) 0.95(0.87-1.03) 0.87(0.52-1.46)
Sedentary lifestyle 0.98(0.82-1.19) 1.11(0.93-1.31) 1.17(0.96-1.44) 1.04(0.95-1.15) 1.14(0.69-1.90)
LogAST-to-LogALT 0.39(0.22-0.67) 0.90(0.62-1.32) 0.19(0.11-0.33) 1.14(0.95-1.37) 0.82(0.22-3.04)
Log GGT 2.32(1.80-2.98) 0.80(0.59-1.08) 1.78(1.32-2.40) 1.21(1.05-1.40) 1.45(0.68-3.07)
Log CRP 0.92(0.76-1.11) 1.52(1.33-1.75) 1.57(1.30-1.89) 1.00(0.91-1.10) 1.51(0.95-2.41)
Women (1637)      
Frequency of alcohol intake      
   Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
   1 time a month 0.96(0.76-1.22) 0.90(0.78-1.04) 1.12(1.00-1.26) 0.96(0.85-1.09) 1.0(0.57-1.75)
   2-4 times a month 0.83(0.63-1.10) 0.75(0.64-0.88) 1.03(0.91-1.18) 0.96(0.82-1.12) 0.42(0.17-1.04)
   ≥5 times a month 0.52(0.25-1.09) 0.48(0.32-0.72) 0.75(0.52-1.08) 0.76(0.45-1.30) -
   P for trend 0.065 < 0.001 0.605 0.346 0.030
Number of AU on one occasion3      
   Abstainers Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
   1-4 AU 0.88(0.71.1.11) 0.82(0.71-0.94) 1.06(0.95-1.18) 0.94(0.84-1.06) 0.77(0.44-1.35)
   ≥5 AU 0.98(0.70-1.37) 0.84(0.69-1.02) 1.15(0.98-1.36) 1.03(0.84-1.27) 0.79(0.28-2.20)
P for trend 0.684 0.039 0.087 0.915 0.442
Current smoking 1.40(1.08-1.82) 1.16(1.0-1.35) 0.94(0.81-1.09) 0.87(0.71-1.08) 1.08(0.37-3.18)
Sedentary lifestyle 1.24(1.03-1.50) 1.11(0.99-1.25) 1.06(0.97-1.16) 0.96(0.87-1.06) 0.98(0.60-1.60)
LogAST-to-LogALT 0.55(0.31-0.99) 1.17(0.88-1.55) 0.51(0.37-0.68) 0.92(0.70-1.21) 0.78(0.21-2.96)
Log GGT 1.93(1.42-2.62) 1.25(1.01-1.55) 1.27(1.08-1.50) 1.19(0.98-1.44) 2.18(0.99-4.83)
Log CRP 1.49(1.21-1.82) 1.42(1.25-1.61) 1.68(1.51-1.86) 1.29(1.14-1.45) 1.98(1.27-3.07)
  1. 1 The regression models are adjusted for: age, intake of fresh fruits or vegetables, level of leisure time physical activity, income, education, smoking, frequency of alcohol intake and body mass index (BMI)
  2. 2 PRs for central obesity are given for the regression model excluding BMI
  3. 3 PRs for "Number of alcohol units (AU) on one occasion" are given for the regression model excluding "Frequency of alcohol intake"
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