Educational inequalities in mortality and associated risk factors: German- versus French-speaking Switzerland

Faeh, David; Bopp, Matthias

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-567

Table 2 Inequality in mortality in Switzerland by language region and cause of death in women

From: Educational inequalities in mortality and associated risk factors: German- versus French-speaking Switzerland

	German Switzerland (GS)							French Switzerland (FS)
		Rate overall and by educational level				Rate decrease per additional year of education			Rate overall and by educational level				Rate decrease per additional year of education		GS vs. FS*	Significance of region*
	deaths	all	low	middle	high	%	95% CI	deaths	all	low	middle	high	%	95% CI	p-value	z-value
All causes	77227	600	668	533	481	6.17	(5.77;6.58)	23184	572	629	502	462	5.07	(4.42;5.72)	0.004	2.84
Circulatory system	24935	177	209	141	110	11.42	(10.61;12.23)	6780	153	180	115	97	11.20	(9.75;12.68)	0.801	0.25
Coronary heart disease	10743	76	90	59	46	12.13	(10.88;13.39)	2368	53	65	37	29	14.23	(11.58;16.95)	0.160	-1.4
Other heart diseases	5223	37	44	31	24	9.76	(8.06;11.48)	2201	50	57	40	34	8.99	(6.59;11.45)	0.612	0.51
Stroke	2627	38	44	31	24	10.22	(8.53;11.94)	681	31	36	24	21	9.18	(6.14;12.31)	0.562	0.58
Cancer	30890	256	269	244	233	2.46	(1.87;3.05)	9464	248	259	240	225	1.55	(0.65;2.46)	0.098	1.66
UADT cancer	717	6	7	6	4	4.19	(0.26;8.27)	324	9	9	9	7	3.40	(-1.56;8.60)	0.062	1.87
Stomach cancer	1038	8	10	6	6	13.61	(9.65;17.71)	319	8	9	7	6	6.87	(1.25;12.81)	0.547	-0.6
Intestinal cancer	3165	25	25	25	24	0.42	(-1.36;2.23)	932	23	23	23	20	0.27	(-2.53;3.15)	0.932	0.09
Liver cancer	515	4	4	4	3	3.75	(-0.91;8.63)	195	5	6	4	4	6.82	(-0.36;14.51)	0.490	-0.69
Lung cancer	3189	28	30	27	23	2.46	(0.64;4.31)	1285	34	38	33	29	4.06	(1.50;6.69)	0.317	-1
Breast cancer	7146	63	61	63	66	-1.01	(-2.14;0.13)	2099	58	59	58	55	0.41	(-1.38;2.23)	0.186	-1.32
Other diseases	12898	96	113	80	70	7.86	(6.98;8.76)	3698	86	100	69	58	7.64	(6.23;9.07)	0.791	0.26
COPD	2047	15	18	13	9	8.52	(5.89;11.22)	505	12	13	10	9	7.58	(2.84;12.54)	0.738	0.33
Liver cirrhosis	1209	11	13	10	10	5.40	(2.36;8.53)	418	12	14	10	9	9.62	(4.72;14.76)	0.153	-1.43
Ill-defined	1331	11	11	11	17	-4.97	(-7.36;-2.53)	1014	26	27	24	26	2.01	(-0.76;4.86)	< 0.001	-3.75
Injuries	3917	34	35	33	33	0.91	(-0.66;2.50)	1305	35	36	34	39	0.40	(-1.83;2.69)	0.718	0.36
Suicide	1751	16	16	17	18	-2.22	(-4.36;-0.03)	574	17	17	17	19	-1.17	(-4.28;2.05)	0.587	-0.54
Transport accident	509	4	5	4	3	2.61	(-1.82;7.25)	205	5	5	6	7	-2.45	(-7.57;2.95)	0.149	1.44
Smoking-related	5980	49	54	46	36	4.78	(3.37;6.20)	2128	55	61	52	45	4.25	(2.21;6.33)	0.678	0.42
Alcohol-related	2861	25	28	24	20	4.59	(2.61;6.61)	1050	29	33	26	22	7.44	(4.41;10.57)	0.123	-1.54

*Statistical significance of the difference between Swiss regions in decrease of mortality per additional year of education
1990-2000, 40-79 years
ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education
UADT: Upper aerodigestive tract; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Educational level: low = no secondary or tertiary education (ISCED 1-2), middle = secondary education (ISCED 3-4); high = tertiary education (ISCED 5-6)
Rates were standardized to the WHO standard population "Europe" [13]
Data source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office/Swiss National Cohort

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