Impact of early psychosocial factors (childhood socioeconomic factors and adversities) on future risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic disturbances and obesity: a systematic review

Tamayo, Teresa; Herder, Christian; Rathmann, Wolfgang

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-525

Table 2 Overview of studies on childhood psychosocial factors and overweight and obesity

From: Impact of early psychosocial factors (childhood socioeconomic factors and adversities) on future risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic disturbances and obesity: a systematic review

No.	Authors	Year	Nation/Abbr.	N	Age at baseline	Follow up (years)	Risk factor	Outcome	Effect size (95%CI or SE) (adjusted)		Study quality score¹
O1 [67]	Giskes et al.	2008	NL GLOBE	1,465	40-60	13	Father´s occupation blue-, white collar, professional	Self-reported weight, height², BMI change	OR (CI) blue vs. professional	m 0.9 (0.6; 1.4) w 2.8 (1.6; 5.2)	1 (D = 0; R = 1; E = 0; O = 0; C = 0)
O2 [65]	Kristensen et al.	2006	DK EHYS	384	8-10 (3^rd grade)	6	Mother´s occupation blue-white collar	Measured weight, height³, Developing overweight at T2	OR (CI) blue vs. white collar	2.4 (1.02; 5.4)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 0)
O3 [54]	Novak et al.	2005	SE	1,044	16	14	Father´s occupation blue-white collar	Measured weight, height (16y)⁴/self-reported (30y)²	OR (CI) blue vs. white collar	m 1.4 (0.7; 2.6) w 1.4 (0.8; 1.4)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 0; C = 1)
O4 [66]	Elgar et al.	2005	UK HBSC	355	12.3 (mean)	4	Parental occupation^b	Measured weight, height⁴	β (SE)	-0.05 (0.08)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 0; C = 1)
O5 [55]	Power et al.	2003	UK	11,405	0	33	Father´s occupation 5 levels ^a	Self-reported weight, height; 90^th intracohort percentile	OR (CI), continuous variable	m 1.04 (0.9; 1.2) w 1.10 (1.07; 1.1)	3 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 0; C = 0)
O6 [56]	Laitinen et al.	2001	FIN	6,279	0	31	Father´s occupation 5 levels ^b	Measured height, weight at 14y⁶, at 31y²	β (SE) social class VI vs. III^b	m 0.05 (0.16) w 0.48 (0.17)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 0; C = 1)
								Self-reported weight and height; IOTF cut-points for obesity in youth; BMI ≥30 kg/m² in adulthood Difference in age at onset of obesity			3 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 0; O = 0; C = 1)
O7 [68]	Lee et al.	2009	USA Add Health	9,730	12-19	7	Parental education 2 levels </≥high school	measured weight, height;^2,3 become obese, stay obes	β (SE) stay obese	m 0.467(0.147) w 0.481(0.152)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 0)
O8 [60]	Koupil et al.	2007	SE	6,535 (male conscripts)	18.2 (mean)	18	Maternal education 3 levels;^c (register data)	Measured height, weight at 18y.²	OR (CI) lowest vs. highest	1.03 (0.6; 1.8)	4 (D = 1; R = 0; E = 1; O = 1; C = 1)
O9 [57]	Salsberry et al.	2007	USA NLSCM	3,368	0	13	Maternal education metric- number of years.	Measured height, weight.^5,7	OR (CI)	0.97 (0.9; 1.03)	5 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 1)
O10 [58]	Dubois et al.	2006	CDN QLSCD	1,550	0	4,5	Maternal education 4 levels^d	Measured weight, height.⁵	OR (CI) lowest vs. highest	1.4 (0.8; 2.4)	5 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 1)
O11 [61]	Strauss et al.	1999	USA NLSY	2,913	0-8	6	Maternal education 3 levels^f	Measured height, weight; obesity incidence⁶	RR (CI) lowest vs. highest	0.96 (0.7; 1.4)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 0; O = 1; C = 1)
[69]	Ballistreri et al.	2009	USA ECLS-K	12,696	5-6 (Kindergarten)	6	Parental education 3 levels^g	Measured height, weight, BMI growth curve models	β (SE) for growth in BMI	0.007* (0.003)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 0)
[59]	Howe et al.	2010	UK ALSPAC	7,772	0	15-16	Maternal education 4 levels^h	DXA- assessed total fat mass	SII (CI)	m 1.21 (1.08;1.36) w 1.34 (1.23;1.46)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 0)
								Self-reported weight and height; IOTF cut-points for obesity in youth; BMI > = 30 in adulthood Difference in age at onset of obesity			3 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 0; O = 0; C = 1)
O12 [62]	Gordon-Larson et al.	2007	USA Add Health	14,654	12-19	7	Family income </≥ 26.000 US$	Self-reported weight and height;^2,3 age at onset of obesity	β (CI) onset low vs. high income	-2.6 (-3.8; -1.3)**	3 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 0; C = 0)
O13 [57]	Salsberry et al.	2007	USA NLSCM	3,368	0	13	Family income lifetime and 1990 per capita income in US$	Measured height and weight;^5,7	OR (CI)	1.0 (0.99; 1.00)	5 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 1)
O14 [58]	Dubois et al.	2006	CDN QLSCD	1,550	0	4,5	Family income </≥20000 CN$/y	Measured weight, height; Obesity ⁵	OR (CI) < vs. ≥ 20000 CN$	2.5 (1.3; 4.8)**	5 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 1)
O15 [61]	Strauss et al.	1999	USA NLSY	2,913	0-8	6	Family income intracohortal 15^th/85^th percentile	Measured height, weight; obesity incidence⁶	RR (CI) lowest vs. highest family income	2.8 (1.4; 5.8)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 0; O = 1; C = 1)
O16 [69]	Ballistreri et al.	2009	USA ECLS-K	12,696	5-6 (Kindergarten)	6	Log transformed yearly Family income in US$	Measured height, weight, BMI growth curve models	β (SE) for growth in BMI	0.003 (0.001)	4 (D = 1; R = 1; E = 1; O = 1; C = 0)

GLOBE: Gezondheid en LevensOmstandigheden Bevolking Eindhoven en omstreken (health and living conditions of the population of Eindhoven and its surroundings)
EHYS: Danish part of the European Youth Heart Study
HBSC: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children
NLSY: The National Longitudinal Surveys
ECLS-K: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999
ALSPAC: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
NLSCM: National Longitudinal Surveys Child-Mother files
QLSCD: Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec
SII: Slope Index of Inequalities (linear regression coefficient and CI presented) [93]
Β: Beta Coefficient
HR: Hazard Ratio
OR: Odds Ratio
RR: Relative Risk
CI: Confidence Interval
SE: Standard Error
¹ D Duration (1 = birth cohort or starting in youth)
R Recruitment (1 = population-based or school-based representing regional population at certain age)
E Explanatory variables, (1 = risk factor assessment for CSES directly in parents, not retrospectively in adults)
O Outcome (1 = measured BMI and age-specific cut off scores for obesity/overweight criteria (extra-cohortal definition))
C Controlling (1 = adult SES, birth weight or baseline BMI)
²overweight/obesity criteria for adults: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²/≥ 30 kg/m²;
³ overweight/obesity criteria: IOTF age specific BMI cut points
⁴overweight BMI cut points according to Cole (BMJ, 2000)
⁵ age-specific 85/95^th percentile (CDC growth charts)
⁶ age-specific 85/95^th percentile, (NHANES)
⁷ partly self-reported height, weight with controlling for method of data collection
^a I+II skilled nonmanual; III unskilled nonmanual; skilled manual IV+V semi- unskilled manual
^b I+II professional; III skilled workers IV unskilled workers; V farmers. UK Regristrar General's Standard Occupational Classification
^c elementary; secondary; post-secondary
^d No high-school; high school; college; university degree
^e No high-school; high school; some college; college graduate, professional degree
^f less than high school; high school only; college or professional
^g less than high-school; some college; college
^h < O-level, O-level, A-level, >A-level
m = men; w = women
** p < 0.01/* p < 0.05

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