Table 3 Univariate analysis of variables associated with 10 items ADL dependence

Age group

60-64

(6.1)

(93.9)

(Reference)

65-69

(22.9)

(77.1)

(2.7, 4.0)

70-74

(38.3)

(61.7)

(4.4, 8.1)

≥75

(49.6)

(50.4)

(7.1, 16.3)

Sex

Male

(20.6)

(79.4)

(Reference)

Female

(27.2)

(72.8)

(1.1, 3.0)

Ethnic Group

Malays

(24.3)

(75.7)

Chinese

(23.2)

(76.8)

(0.8, 2.1)

Indians and Others

(29.3)

(70.7)

(0.7, 3.0)

Education level

Secondary and Tertiary education

(25.3)

(74.7)

(Reference)

Primary education

(19.8)

(80.2)

(1.3, 3.2)

No formal education

(36.6)

(63.4)

(1.4, 5.7)

Marital status

Married

(23.8)

(76.2)

(Reference)

Widowed

(26.5)

(73.5)

(0.7, 1.9)

Others (single and divorced)

(14.3)

(85.7)

(0.6, 2.6)

Living Arrangements

Living with others

(24.2)

(28.2)

(Reference)

Living alone

(28.2)

(71.8)

(0.8, 1.7)

Social support

Not at risk of isolation

(23.2)

(76.8)

(Reference)

At risk of isolation

(30.3)

(69.7)

(1.0, 1.7)

Presence of chronic disease

None

(13.1)

(86.9)

(Reference)

One chronic disease

(25.2)

(74.8)

(2.9, 6.0)

More than one chronic disease

(53.3)

(46.7)

(4.8, 14.5)

Diabetes

No

(17.9)

(82.1)

(Reference)

Yes

(42.2)

(57.8)

(1.9, 3.0)

Arthritis

No

(21.0)

(79.0)

(Reference)

Yes

(39.6)

(60.4)

(1.5, 2.4)

Stroke

No

(23.6)

(76.4)

(Reference)

Yes

(48.5)

(51.5)

(1.4, 3.0)

Depressive Symptomology

No

(21.1)

(78.9)

(Reference)

Yes

(37.3)

(62.7)

(1.4, 2.3)

Presenting visual acuity

Normal

(22.5)

(77.5)

(Reference)

Mild to moderate visual impairment

(33.3)

(66.7)

(1.1, 2.5)

Blind

(30.3)

(69.7)

(1.2, 3.8)

BMI (weight/height2)

Normal

(25.0)

(75.0)

(Reference)

Underweight

(24.8)

(75.2)

(0.7, 1.4)

Overweight

(24.3)

(75.7)

(0.6, 1.6)