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Table 1 Baseline characteristics, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care services in Indonesia, IDHS 2002/2003 and 2007

From: Factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care services in Indonesia: results of Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2002/2003 and 2007

VARIABLE

N (%)*

UNADJUSTED†

ADJUSTED†

   

OR

(95% CI)

P

OR

(95% CI)

P

Year of survey

        

IDHS 2002/2003 (Ref)

12646

(47.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

IDHS 2007

13945

(52.4)

0.93

(0.79-1.09)

0.37

0.87

(0.73-1.02)

0.09

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

        

Region and type of residence

        

Java-Bali region: urban (Ref)

8101

(30.5)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Java-Bali region: rural

7386

(27.8)

2.76

(2.04-3.75)

< 0.001

2.78

(2.05-3.76)

< 0.001

Sumatera region: urban

2031

(7.6)

1.63

(1.17-2.27)

< 0.01

1.63

(1.17-2.26)

< 0.01

Sumatera region: rural

3584

(13.5)

4.57

(3.47-6.03)

< 0.001

4.60

(3.49-6.07)

< 0.001

Eastern Indonesia region: urban

1645

(6.2)

2.39

(1.51-3.79)

< 0.001

2.39

(1.52-3.76)

< 0.001

Eastern Indonesia region: rural

3845

(14.5)

4.86

(3.76-6.29)

< 0.001

4.93

(3.82-6.36)

< 0.001

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

        

Socio-demographic

        

Maternal age at delivery

Mean ± SE = (27.2 ± 0.07)

1.01

(1.00-1.02)

< 0.01

0.97

(0.96-0.98)

< 0.001

Household wealth index and maternal education

        

Wealthiest household, completed secondary education or higher (Ref)

5137

(19.3)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Wealthiest household, completed primary or some secondary education

4273

(16.1)

3.47

(2.63-4.56)

< 0.001

2.15

(1.63-2.85)

< 0.001

Wealthiest household, incomplete primary education or none

548

(2.1)

9.45

(5.82-15.35)

< 0.001

4.01

(2.37-6.79)

< 0.001

Middle household wealth, completed secondary education or higher

1629

(6.1)

3.76

(2.72-5.21)

< 0.001

2.36

(1.67-3.32)

< 0.001

Middle household wealth, completed primary or some secondary education

5738

(21.6)

6.91

(5.31-9.00)

< 0.001

3.13

(2.30-4.25)

< 0.001

Middle household wealth, incomplete primary education or none

1584

(6.0)

17.86

(13.46-23.71)

< 0.001

5.50

(3.86-7.83)

< 0.001

Poorest household, completed secondary education or higher

425

(1.6)

10.24

(7.01-14.97)

< 0.001

4.30

(2.87-6.45)

< 0.001

Poorest household, completed primary or some secondary education

4059

(15.3)

14.58

(11.16-19.05)

< 0.001

4.75

(3.42-6.60)

< 0.001

Poorest household, incomplete primary education or none

2326

(8.7)

37.76

(28.32-50.35)

< 0.001

8.82

(6.10-12.73)

< 0.001

Paternal education

        

Completed secondary education or higher (Ref)

9081

(34.2)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Completed primary or some secondary education

13237

(49.8)

3.30

(2.87-3.79)

< 0.001

1.41

(1.19-1.66)

< 0.001

Incomplete primary education or none

4199

(15.8)

7.73

(6.52-9.18)

< 0.001

1.60

(1.31-1.95)

< 0.001

Parental occupation

        

Unemployed mother and working father (Ref)

14100

(53.0)

1.00

     

Working mother and working father

11820

(44.5)

1.19

(1.06-1.34)

< 0.01

   

Unemployed father

581

(2.2)

1.71

(1.20-2.44)

< 0.01

   

Maternal marital status

        

Currently married (Ref)

25953

(97.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Formerly married

638

(2.4)

1.85

(1.45-2.37)

< 0.001

1.60

(1.19-2.16)

< 0.01

Maternal final say on her own health care

        

Woman with partner/other (Ref)

8514

(32.0)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Woman alone

14200

(53.4)

1.09

(0.96-1.25)

0.19

1.23

(1.08-1.41)

< 0.01

Partner alone/someone else/other

3860

(14.5)

1.37

(1.17-1.61)

< 0.001

1.24

(1.05-1.47)

0.01

Birth rank and interval

        

2nd or 3rd birth rank, > 2 year interval (Ref)

10751

(40.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1st birth rank

9139

(34.4)

0.86

(0.76-0.97)

0.01

0.81

(0.70-0.93)

< 0.01

2nd or 3rd birth rank, ≤ 2 year interval

1570

(5.9)

1.95

(1.61-2.37)

< 0.001

1.94

(1.58-2.40)

< 0.001

≥ 4th birth rank, > 2 year interval

4443

(16.7)

2.67

(2.37-3.00)

< 0.001

2.08

(1.80-2.40)

< 0.001

≥ 4th birth rank, ≤ 2 year interval

687

(2.6)

4.74

(3.74-6.00)

< 0.001

3.79

(2.88-4.99)

< 0.001

Health knowledge

        

Frequency of reading newspaper

        

At least once a week (Ref)

3773

(14.2)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Less than once a week

9402

(35.4)

1.85

(1.52-2.26)

< 0.001

1.02

(0.82-1.27)

0.84

Never

13376

(50.3)

5.49

(4.50-6.71)

< 0.001

1.50

(1.20-1.86)

< 0.001

Frequency of listening to radio

        

At least once a week (Ref)

8668

(32.6)

1.00

     

Less than once a week

9369

(35.2)

1.22

(1.06-1.40)

0.01

   

Never

8509

(32.0)

2.06

(1.77-2.39)

< 0.001

   

Frequency of watching television

        

At least once a week (Ref)

20634

(77.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Less than once a week

3715

(14.0)

2.50

(2.17-2.89)

< 0.001

1.25

(1.07-1.46)

< 0.01

Never

2205

(8.3)

5.23

(4.35-6.28)

< 0.001

1.62

(1.34-1.94)

< 0.001

Knowledge of pregnancy complications

        

Yes (Ref)

11867

(44.6)

1.00

  

1.00

  

None

14717

(55.3)

2.73

(2.43-3.08)

< 0.001

1.46

(1.25-1.70)

< 0.001

Knowledge of delivery complications

        

Yes (Ref)

13133

(49.4)

1.00

  

1.00

  

None

13454

(50.6)

2.40

(2.15-2.68)

< 0.001

1.19

(1.04-1.36)

0.01

Knowledge of post delivery complications

        

Yes (Ref)

8518

(32.0)

1.00

     

None

18063

(67.9)

2.10

(1.87-2.37)

< 0.001

   

ENABLING FACTORS

        

Know where to go to seek health services

        

Small problem (Ref)

25166

(94.6)

1.00

     

Big problem

1403

(5.3)

2.24

(1.82-2.77)

< 0.001

   

Permission to visit health services

        

Small problem (Ref)

25352

(95.3)

1.00

     

Big problem

1215

(4.6)

2.36

(1.93-2.88)

< 0.001

   

Money to pay health services

        

Small problem (Ref)

19662

(73.9)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Big problem

6909

(26.0)

2.49

(2.21-2.80)

< 0.001

1.21

(1.05-1.39)

0.01

Distance to health services

        

Small problem (Ref)

22580

(84.9)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Big problem

3989

(15.0)

2.76

(2.39-3.18)

< 0.001

1.21

(1.03-1.42)

0.02

Transportation to health services

        

Small problem (Ref)

22975

(86.4)

1.00

     

Big problem

3593

(13.5)

2.91

(2.51-3.38)

< 0.001

   

Presence of companion

        

Small problem (Ref)

23688

(89.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Big problem

2878

(10.8)

1.84

(1.58-2.14)

< 0.001

1.22

(1.01-1.47)

0.04

Availability of care by female health workers

        

Small problem (Ref)

24338

(91.5)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Big problem

2210

(8.3)

1.58

(1.31-1.90)

< 0.001

1.29

(1.04-1.59)

0.02

NEED FACTORS

        

Pregnancy complications

        

With complications (Ref)

2349

(8.8)

1.00

  

1.00

  

No complications

24201

(91.0)

1.78

(1.46-2.17)

< 0.001

1.44

(1.16-1.78)

< 0.01

Desire for pregnancy

        

Wanted then (Ref)

21560

(81.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Wanted later

2907

(10.9)

1.46

(1.24-1.71)

< 0.001

1.38

(1.14-1.67)

< 0.01

Unwanted

2044

(7.7)

1.82

(1.52-2.17)

< 0.001

1.42

(1.13-1.78)

< 0.01

  1. Note:
  2. *) The total number varies between categories because of missing values
  3. †) 1407 missing cases were excluded from the analysis
  4. All values are weighted by the sampling probability
  5. Ref : reference group
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