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Table 6 Risk of elevated GGT with obesity, metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk cluster by drinking status

From: Alcohol, metabolic risk and elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in Indigenous Australians

 

Non-drinkers (n = 791)

Moderate drinkers (n = 552)

Risky Drinkers † (n = 1183)

 

Crude OR

Adj. OR*

Crude OR

Adj. OR*

Crude OR

Adj. OR*

Abdominal Obesity †

Normal

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Overweight

1.4 (0.6-3.5)

1.5 (0.6-3.9)

1.5 (0.8-2.9)

1.9 (0.9-3.8)

1.8 (1.3-2.5)

3.2 (2.2-4.7)

Obese

2.0 (1.0-4.0)

2.6 (1.1-5.7)

1.7 (1.03-2.9)

4.5 (2.3-8.6)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

4.2 (2.9-5.9)

BMI

<25

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

25-30

2.0 (1.1-3.8)

2.0 (1.01-3.9)

2.1 (1.2-3.6)

3.0 (1.6-5.6)

1.5 (1.2-2.0)

2.4 (1.7-3.3)

30+

1.5 (0.8-2.8)

1.8 (0.9-3.6)

1.6 (0.9- 2.8)

2.7 (1.4-5.2)

1.4 (1.0-1.8)

2.9 (2.1-4.1)

Metabolic syndrome †

No

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Yes

2.3 (1.4-3.8)

2.4 (1.3-4.1)

2.5 (1.6-3.9)

2.8 (1.7-4.6)

2.8 (2.2-3.5)

3.7 (2.8-5.0)

MR Cluster profile†

Favorable

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Adverse

1.9 (1.2-3.1)

1.6 (0.9-2.8)

3.0 (1.9-4.8)

2.8 (1.6-4.9)

5.1 (3.9-6.6)

4.9 (3.7-6.7)

  1. *Adjusted by age, sex, and ethnicity, smoking, and PA level. † Risky drinking was defined as > 6 drinks on any occasion or >4 drinks per day in males and >4 drinks on any occasion or >2 drinks per day in female in the week prior to the survey. Abdominal obesity defined using WHO WC gender specific criteria: overweight being WC of 80-88 cm in females and 94-102 cm in males, while obesity being WC ≥88 cm in females and 102 cm in males. Metabolic syndrome defined by IDF criteria: waist circumference (≥94 cm in males and ≥80 for females), raised triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/L), reduced HDL (<1.03 in males or <1.29 in females), raised blood pressure (systolic >130 mmHg or diastolic≥85 mmHg), and plasma glucose (≥5.6 mmol/L). Adverse MR (metabolic risk) cluster profile was obtained by EM cluster analysis.