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Table 2 Prevalence and univariate analysis of exposures and potential risk factors among cases with autochthonous Giardia infection (n = 120) and matched controls (n = 240), Germany, 2007-2008

From: Characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infections in Germany

 

Cases

Controls

  
 

n (%)*

n (%)*

ORMH**

95%CI

Male sex

80 (66.7)

95 (39.6)

2.99

1.86-4.78

Foreign travel last year

45 (37.5)

125 (52.0)

0.54

0.34-0.86

   Low risk travel destinations only

34 (28.3)

92 (38.3)

0.62

0.38-1.01

   High risk travel destinations

11 (9.17)

32 (13.3)

0.66

0.32-1.35

Working (age 17-65 years)

57 (60.0)

111 (56.6)

1.73

0.87-3.46

Contact with persons with diarrhoea

12 (12.9)

31 (16.1)

0.73

0.34-1.56

Changing diapers for children

14 (13.7)

38 (18.1)

0.64

0.32-1.28

Caring for disabled or elderly persons

4 (4.0)

14 (6.7)

0.59

0.19-1.81

Owning pets

40 (36.3)

92 (39.8)

0.87

0.53-1.41

Host factors

    

   Impaired Immunity

13 (11.2)

7 (3.0)

5.47

1.76-17.0

   On antacid therapy

16 (13.4)

16 (6.8)

2.18

1.04-4.59

Household structure

    

   children 0-2 years

18 (15.0)

23 (9.6)

1.80

0.88-3.68

   children 3-6 years

26 (21.7)

48 (20.0)

1.14

0.62-2.11

   children 7-19 years

34 (28.4)

83 (34.6)

0.69

0.40-1.19

Eating, Drinking

    

   Vegetarian food only

5 (4.5)

10 (4.3)

1.25

0.41-3.82

   Green salad, daily

26 (21.7)

25 (10.4)

2.5

1.33-4.69

   Raw vegetables, daily

32 (26.7)

75 (31.3)

0.77

0.45-1.31

   Raw milk at all

2 (1.7)

10 (4.4)

0.41

0.09-2.03

   Mineral water daily

88 (73.3)

170 (70.8)

1.14

0.69-1.88

   Tap water daily

36 (30.0)

111 (46.3)

0.44

0.26-0.74

Swimming/water sports

29 (24.4)

77 (34.1)

0.58

0.34-1.00

Contact with waste water

3 (2.6)

9 (4.0)

0.62

0.15-2.53

Outdoor activities

41 (36.6)

151 (69.6)

0.12

0.06-0.26

   Fishing

1 (0.9)

9 (4.1)

0.18

0.02-1.50

   Gardening

24 (21.4)

87 (40.1)

0.27

0.14-0.54

   Farming

0

6 (2.8)

  

   Hunting

0

3 (1.4)

  

   Hiking

17 (15.2)

64 (29.5)

0.37

0.19-0.72

   Camping

8 (7.1)

8 (3.7)

1.64

0.57-4.75

Living on a farm

0

8 (3.4)

  

Contact with animals

61 (51.3)

147 (62.0)

0.60

0.37-0.98

   Cat

31 (26.0)

77 (32.4)

0.72

0.44-1.19

   Dog

41 (34.5)

81 (34.1)

1.02

0.61-1.70

   Bird

10 (8.4)

16 (6.8)

1.29

0.52-3.24

   Guinea pig

1 (0.8)

6 (2.5)

0.33

0.04-2.77

   Rabbit/hare

8 (6.7)

17 (7.2)

0.93

0.38-2.28

   Horse

4 (3.4)

16 (6.8)

0.47

0.15-1.46

   Cow

2 (1.7)

14 (5.9)

0.25

0.05-1.16

   Pig

0

4 (1.7)

  

   Sheep

2 (1.7)

2 (0.8)

2.00

0.28-14.2

   Goat

1 (0.8)

1 (0.4)

2.00

0.13-31.9

  1. *The percentage refers to the proportion among participants who either answered yes or no (i.e. missing and don't-know answers excluded).
  2. **Mantel Haenszel odds ratio