From: Characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infections in Germany
 | Cases | Controls |  |  |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | n (%)* | n (%)* | ORMH** | 95%CI |
Male sex | 80 (66.7) | 95 (39.6) | 2.99 | 1.86-4.78 |
Foreign travel last year | 45 (37.5) | 125 (52.0) | 0.54 | 0.34-0.86 |
   Low risk travel destinations only | 34 (28.3) | 92 (38.3) | 0.62 | 0.38-1.01 |
   High risk travel destinations | 11 (9.17) | 32 (13.3) | 0.66 | 0.32-1.35 |
Working (age 17-65 years) | 57 (60.0) | 111 (56.6) | 1.73 | 0.87-3.46 |
Contact with persons with diarrhoea | 12 (12.9) | 31 (16.1) | 0.73 | 0.34-1.56 |
Changing diapers for children | 14 (13.7) | 38 (18.1) | 0.64 | 0.32-1.28 |
Caring for disabled or elderly persons | 4 (4.0) | 14 (6.7) | 0.59 | 0.19-1.81 |
Owning pets | 40 (36.3) | 92 (39.8) | 0.87 | 0.53-1.41 |
Host factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Impaired Immunity | 13 (11.2) | 7 (3.0) | 5.47 | 1.76-17.0 |
   On antacid therapy | 16 (13.4) | 16 (6.8) | 2.18 | 1.04-4.59 |
Household structure | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   children 0-2 years | 18 (15.0) | 23 (9.6) | 1.80 | 0.88-3.68 |
   children 3-6 years | 26 (21.7) | 48 (20.0) | 1.14 | 0.62-2.11 |
   children 7-19 years | 34 (28.4) | 83 (34.6) | 0.69 | 0.40-1.19 |
Eating, Drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Vegetarian food only | 5 (4.5) | 10 (4.3) | 1.25 | 0.41-3.82 |
   Green salad, daily | 26 (21.7) | 25 (10.4) | 2.5 | 1.33-4.69 |
   Raw vegetables, daily | 32 (26.7) | 75 (31.3) | 0.77 | 0.45-1.31 |
   Raw milk at all | 2 (1.7) | 10 (4.4) | 0.41 | 0.09-2.03 |
   Mineral water daily | 88 (73.3) | 170 (70.8) | 1.14 | 0.69-1.88 |
   Tap water daily | 36 (30.0) | 111 (46.3) | 0.44 | 0.26-0.74 |
Swimming/water sports | 29 (24.4) | 77 (34.1) | 0.58 | 0.34-1.00 |
Contact with waste water | 3 (2.6) | 9 (4.0) | 0.62 | 0.15-2.53 |
Outdoor activities | 41 (36.6) | 151 (69.6) | 0.12 | 0.06-0.26 |
   Fishing | 1 (0.9) | 9 (4.1) | 0.18 | 0.02-1.50 |
   Gardening | 24 (21.4) | 87 (40.1) | 0.27 | 0.14-0.54 |
   Farming | 0 | 6 (2.8) |  |  |
   Hunting | 0 | 3 (1.4) |  |  |
   Hiking | 17 (15.2) | 64 (29.5) | 0.37 | 0.19-0.72 |
   Camping | 8 (7.1) | 8 (3.7) | 1.64 | 0.57-4.75 |
Living on a farm | 0 | 8 (3.4) | Â | Â |
Contact with animals | 61 (51.3) | 147 (62.0) | 0.60 | 0.37-0.98 |
   Cat | 31 (26.0) | 77 (32.4) | 0.72 | 0.44-1.19 |
   Dog | 41 (34.5) | 81 (34.1) | 1.02 | 0.61-1.70 |
   Bird | 10 (8.4) | 16 (6.8) | 1.29 | 0.52-3.24 |
   Guinea pig | 1 (0.8) | 6 (2.5) | 0.33 | 0.04-2.77 |
   Rabbit/hare | 8 (6.7) | 17 (7.2) | 0.93 | 0.38-2.28 |
   Horse | 4 (3.4) | 16 (6.8) | 0.47 | 0.15-1.46 |
   Cow | 2 (1.7) | 14 (5.9) | 0.25 | 0.05-1.16 |
   Pig | 0 | 4 (1.7) |  |  |
   Sheep | 2 (1.7) | 2 (0.8) | 2.00 | 0.28-14.2 |
   Goat | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 2.00 | 0.13-31.9 |