Table 1 Sample characteristics by peripheral arterial disease

Gender

< 0.001

   Men

11.1 (178)

88.9 (1419)

   Women

5.5 (108)

94.5 (1846)

Age (years) (mean ± SD)

70.70 ± 9.26

64.22 ± 8.60

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

   Illiterate

14.2 (30)

85.8 (182)

   Primary school

8.1 (196)

91.9 (2229)

   Secondary school

5.4 (27)

94.6 (477)

   High school

5.7 (7)

94.3 (116)

   University

3.4 (4)

96.6 (112)

Occupation status

< 0.001

   Currently working

3.6 (30)

96.4 (813)

   Housewife

4.7 (34)

95.3 (689)

   Retired

12.2 (192)

87.8 (1380)

   Unemployed

3.9 (6)

96.1 (148)

   Disabled

11.1 (15)

88.9 (120)

   Other

6.3 (3)

93.8 (45)

Ability to perform physical activity

< 0.001

   No limitation

3.8 (51)

96.2 (1291)

   Mild limitation

8.5 (150)

91.5 (1618)

   Only able to do light activity

19.9 (72)

80.1 (289)

   Breathless with any activity

29.3 (12)

70.7 (29)

Walking (hours/week)

0.376

   0-3

7.2 (65)

92.8 (844)

   >3-7

8.0 (61)

92.0 (697)

   >7

6.4 (86)

93.6 (1252)

Tobacco smoking

< 0.001

   Never smoker

5.3 (104)

94.7 (1871)

   Former smoker

11.3 (108)

88.7 (844)

   Current smoker

11.9 (74)

88.1 (550)

Claudication (people with leg pain when walking and no pain when stop)

< 0.001

   No

5.9 (184)

94.1 (2952)

   Yes

26.9 (94)

73.1 (255)

Obesity

0.164

   Underweight/Average (BMI<25)

9.7 (61)

90.3 (566)

   Overweight (25≤BMI<30)

7.3 (118)

92.7 (1496)

   Obese (BMI ≥ 30)

8.2 (107)

91.8 (1198)

Waist circumference

0.035

   1st tertile^c

6.9 (78)

93.1 (1060)

   2nd tertile

7.6 (89)

92.4 (1076)

   3rd tertile

9.7 (118)

90.3 (1104)

Hypertension (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

4.7 (88)

95.3 (1791)

   Yes

11.9 (193)

88.1 (1431)

Hypercholesterolemia (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

6.0 (108)

94.0 (1691)

   Yes

10.2 (170)

89.8 (1501)

Blood analysis (mean ± SD)

   Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

210.03 ± 42.10

216.53 ± 38.48

0.007

   HDL (mg/dL)

52.30 ± 14.09

56.03 ± 14.48

< 0.001

Triglycerides (blood analysis)

< 0.001

   Normal

6.9 (181)

93.1 (2447)

   High (≥ 150 mg/dL)

11.8 (105)

88.2 (786)

Diabetes (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

6.4 (191)

93.6 (2802)

   Yes

17.0 (95)

83.0 (463)

Stroke (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

7.6 (260)

92.4 (3176)

   Yes

24.4 (22)

75.6 (68)

Transient ischaemic attack (medical record)

0.001

   No

7.7 (266)

92.3 (3167)

   Yes

17.5 (14)

82.5 (66)

Angor (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

7.5 (253)

92.5 (3105)

   Yes

19.0 (31)

81.0 (132)

Myocardial infarction (medical record)

< 0.001

   No

7.2 (245)

92.8 (3148)

   Yes

29.0 (38)

71.0 (93)

Framingham index (aged≤74)

< 0.001

   <10

2.9 (32)

97.1 (1081)

   10-20

5.5 (65)

94.5 (1120)

   >20

13.0 (81)

87.0 (542)

REGICOR index (aged≤74))

< 0.001

   <5

3.1 (41)

96.9 (1295)

   5-10

7.0 (89)

93.0 (1177)

   >10

15.0 (48)

85.0 (271)

SCORE index (aged<65)

< 0.001

   <2.5

2.4 (27)

97.6 (1105)

   2.5-5

4.0 (18)

96.0 (427)

   >5

10.9 (37)

89.1 (302)

Metabolic syndrome (NCEP)

< 0.001

   No

7.2 (198)

92.8 (2559)

   Yes

11.4 (88)

88.6 (685)