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Table 9 Independent Associations Between Diagnoses and Impairments, and Disability

From: The prevalence and social patterning of chronic diseases among older people in a population undergoing health transition. A 10/66 Group cross-sectional population-based survey in the Dominican Republic

Outcome

 

WHODAS II disability score

15 or more disability days

  

Median score in the exposed group (interquartile range)

Independent associations between diagnoses and impairments and WHODAS II score 1

Proportion (%) with 15 or more disability days- in the exposed group

Independent associations between diagnoses and impairments and 15 or more disability days 2

Exposure

Number and proportion (%) exposed

 

RR

95% confidence intervals

 

PR

95% confidence intervals

Population attributable prevalence fraction

Diagnoses

        

Dementia

(10/66 criterion)

235 (11.7%)

27.8 (8.3-58.3)

1.57

1.40, 1.77

79/235 (33.6%)

1.50

1.16, 1.95

10.5%

Stroke

175 (8.7%)

27.8 (8.3-57.6)

1.37

1.21, 1.55

65/175 (37.1%)

1.46

1.12, 1.91

6.5%

Myocardial infarction

35 (1.7%)

19.4 (5.6-38.9)

0.90

0.74, 1.09

7/35 (20.0%)

0.82

0.42, 1.61

 

Angina

25 (1.2%)

22.2 (1.4-44.4)

1.23

0.88, 1.73

8/25 (32.0%)

1.50

0.87, 2.57

0.8%

Hypertension

1516 (75.4%)

8.3 (0.0-27.8)

1.00

0.90, 1.11

245/1515 (16.2%)

1.06

0.81, 1.38

5.7%

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

137 (6.8%)

22.2 (5.6-41.7)

1.02

0.90, 1.16

36/137 (26.3%)

1.18

0.85, 1.64

1.6%

Diabetes 3

260 (17.5%)

13.9 (0.0-30.6)

1.07

0.96, 1.19

48/260 (18.5%)

0.92

0.68, 1.26

Inverse association

Anaemia 3

515 (35.0%)

13.9 (0.0-35.4)

1.16

1.06, 1.27

20/84 (23.8%)

1.53

1.16, 2.02

17.1%

ICD-10 depression

278 (13.8%)

33.3 (16.7-50.0)

1.43

1.30, 1.57

91/278 (32.7%)

1.48

1.16, 1.90

9.4%

Impairments

        

Arthritis or rheumatism

737 (36.7%)

19.4 (5.6-33.3)

1.34

1.23, 1.46

167/736 (22.7%)

1.68

1.35, 2.10

22.5%

Eyesight problems

796 (39.6%)

19.4 (5.6-36.1)

1.13

1.04, 1.23

153/795 (19.2%)

1.01

0.81, 1.27

1.8%

Hearing difficulty or deafness

255 (12.7%)

25.0 (5.6-43.7)

1.17

1.05, 1.30

60/255 (23.5%)

1.10

0.80, 1.72

0.9%

Persistent cough

207 (10.3%)

19.4 (5.6-41.7)

1.01

0.90, 1.13

55/206 (26.7%)

1.11

0.83, 1.47

2.0%

Difficulty breathing, breathlessness or asthma

191 (9.5%)

30.6 (11.1-47.2)

1.12

1.00, 1.27

60/190 (31.6%)

1.19

0.88, 1.60

2.8%

Heart trouble or angina

93 (4.6%)

27.8 (11.1-40.9)

1.11

0.96, 1.30

26/93 (28.0%)

1.17

0.79, 1.71

0.9%

Stomach or intestine problems

388 (19.3%)

25.0 (8.3-44.4)

1.27

1.16, 1.39

103/388 (26.5%)

1.33

1.04, 1.71

8.9%

Faints or blackouts

71 (3.5%)

33.3 (18.1-56.3)

1.30

1.10,1.53

29/71 (40.8%)

1.25

0.82, 1.92

1.5%

Paralysis, weakness or loss of one leg or arm

102 (5.1%)

50.0 (27.8-69.4)

1.88

1.67,2.12

60/102 (58.8%)

2.50

1.92, 3.25

11.8%

Skin disorders (pressure sores, leg ulcers or burns)

39 (1.9%)

50.0 (27.8-69.4)

1.70

1.40,2.08

21/39 (53.8%)

2.43

1.57, 3.77

4.3%

  1. 1 Zero-inflated negative binomial regression, adjusted for all other diagnoses and impairments other than diabetes and anaemia. N = 1975 (see also footnote 3
  2. 2 Poisson regression
  3. 3 Parameters for diabetes and anaemia were obtained from a separate model restricted to those participants who had provided a blood sample