Table 2 Characteristics of Hip fracture case-control studies
Study first author (location) year | Cases | Controls | Participant details | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n | Mean Age (SD) years 25(OH)D (SD) nmol/L PTH (SD) pmol/L | Time sera collected (25(OH)D assay method) | n | Mean Age (SD) years 25(OH)D (SD) nmol/L PTH (SD) pmol/L | Â |
Population based controls | ||||||
Lund [34] | 67 | NR | On admission | 41 | NR | Cases: Consecutive patients |
(Denmark) 1975 | Â | 65.0 (45.0) NR | (CPB) | Â | 55.0 (32.5) NR | Controls: Elderly participants without malabsorption, hepatic or renal disease |
Baker [35] | 98 | 80.2 (7.3) | - | 76 | 79.4 (7.2) | Cases: Consecutive admissions of Caucasian females |
(UK) 1979 | Â | 34.5 (24.5) NR | Â | Â | 55.8 (33.8) NR | Controls: Home-based age and sex matched selected from electoral register |
Hoikka [36] | 55 | 76.0 | - | 22 | 71.0 | Cases: Patients admitted from Sept 1978- July 1979 |
(Finland) 1982 | Â | 26.6 (18.5) NR | (HPLC) | Â | 56.4 (28.2) NR | Controls: Healthy age, sex and season matched |
Morris [38] | 67 | 77.9 | - | 50 | 71.5 | Cases: Female hip fracture patients operated on by author |
(Australia) 1984 | Â | 39.2 (21.3) NR | (CPB) | Â | 67.6 (30.4) NR | Controls: Home-based, ambulant elderly females |
Lips [39] | 86 | 73.1 (11.5) | - | 74 | 75.6 (4.2) | Cases: Hip fracture patients |
(Netherlands) 1987 | Â | 20.4 (11.5) | (CPB after HPLC) | Â | 32.9 (13.6) | Controls: Healthy, independent volunteers living in apartment house for elderly |
| Â | Â | 0.11 (0.05)* | Â | Â | 0.12 (0.05)* | Â |
Lau [40] | 198 | NR | On day of admission | 368 | NR | Cases: Consecutive patients |
(Hong Kong) 1989 | Â | 45.5 (16.4) NR | (CPB) | Â | 73.8 (21.0) NR | Controls: Sheltered housing residents |
Pun [41] | 69 | 78.1 (10.2) | Within 12 h admission | 28 | 71.2 (6.4) | Cases: Female hip fracture patients |
(Hong Kong) 1990 | Â | 43.7 (22.4) NR | (CPB) | Â | 54.6 (13.1) NR | Controls: Healthy female participants over 60 y |
MacDonald [42] | 61 | 78.9 (10.7) | Within 24 h admission pre-surgery | 61 | 78.6 (6.0) | Cases: Unselected Chinese female patients admitted to orthopaedic ward |
(Hong Kong) 1992 | Â | 45.8 (22.0) | (CPB) | Â | 72.5 (21.5) | Controls: Hostel for elderly, no fracture history |
| Â | Â | 4.59 (2.27) | Â | Â | 4.04 (2.24) | Â |
Boonen [44] | 117 | 79.2 (8.9) | Within 18 h fracture pre-surgery | 117 | 77.7 (5.4) | Cases: Consecutive female patients |
(Belgium) 1997 | Â | 25.3 (22.0) | (CPB) | Â | 53.8 (33.3) | Controls: Female, age matched, from general practices |
| Â | Â | 5.14 (4.66) | Â | Â | 1.70 (1.14) | Â |
Community based controls | ||||||
Von Knorring [37] | 58 | 77.0 (9.3) | Prior to surgery | 41 | 78.0 (8.4) | Cases: Patients admitted during 2 month periods in summer, winter and early spring |
(Finland) 1982 | Â | 32.4 (17.0) | (CPB) | Â | 44.7 (22.5) | Controls: Age and sex matched non-orthopaedic outpatients or minor surgery patients |
| Â | Â | 0.45 (0.24)* | Â | Â | 0.35 (0.24)* | Â |
Benhamou [43] | 57 | 83.9 (5.9) | Within 24 h admission | 68 | 82.5 (5.0) | Cases: Consecutively admitted patients |
(France) 1995 | Â | 30.9 (12.2) | (RIA) | Â | 38.4 (14.7) | Controls: Patients in geriatric or rheumatology unit with no bone disease or fracture history |
| Â | Â | 6.34 (4.65) | Â | Â | 4.74 (2.21) | Â |
Thiebaud [45] | 179 | 80.2 (9.6) | 5-18 post fracture | 180 | 79.9 (9.6) | Cases: Consecutive admissions of original hip fracture caused by fall from standing height or less |
(France) 1997 | Â | 23.5 (20.3) | (Radio-receptor) | Â | 30.6 (25.4) | Controls: Age and sex matched emergency patients with no fracture history |
| Â | Â | 3.32 (2.77) | Â | Â | 4.62 (3.38) | Â |
Di Monaco [46] | 444 | 79.7 (8.6) | During hosp mean 35 days post fracture | 444 | 75.5 (5.7) | Cases: Caucasian patients sustaining original hip fracture |
(Italy) 2004 | Â | 21.2 (19.5) | (immuno-enzymatic) | Â | 24.4 (21.7) | Controls: Home-based elderly over 65 y referred for first osteodensiometry, no fracture history |
| Â | Â | 6.02 (4.56) | Â | Â | 5.28 (2.32) | Â |
Nuti [47] | 74 | 77.4 (9.3) | Within 24 h fracture | 73 | 71.2 (6.1) | Cases: Self-sufficient, community-living female patients with adequate sunlight admitted between May-Dec 1999 |
(Italy) 2004 | Â | 83.5 (55.0) | (CPB) | Â | 107.3 (60.0) | Controls: Metabolic disease unit outpatients with osteoporosis, no evident osteoporotic fractures admitted between Jul-Nov 1999. Otherwise as per cases |
| Â | Â | 4.02 (1.79) | Â | Â | 3.86 (1.43) | Â |
Bakhtiyarova [48] | 63 | 68.8 (9.5) | Within 3 days admission | 97 | 70.2 (8.3) | Cases: Low trauma fracture patients |
(Russia) 2006 | Â | 22.4 (11.4) | (CPB) | Â | 28.1 (10.1) | Controls: Patients of ophthalmology unit with no fracture |
| Â | Â | 3.7 (3.3) | Â | Â | 4.9 (2.8) | Â |
Giusti [49] | 160 | 84.0 (6.3) | Within 24 h admission (RIA) | 160 | 82.0 (7.6) | Cases: Sampled patients admitted to Orthogeriatric unit between Nov 2004-Mar 2005 |
(Italy) 2006 | Â | 9.4 (11.6) | Â | Â | 9.2 (9.1) | Controls: Age, sex and place matched Acute Care unit patients admitted for non-bone reasons |
| Â | Â | 8.95 (7.79) | Â | Â | 9.16 (8.00) | Â |
Sakuma [50] | 50 | 82.6 (8.7) | On admission | 53 | 77.2 (5.3) | Cases: Sado Island residents admitted to hospital from Jan-Dec 2004 |
(Japan) 2006 | Â | 44.5 (19.4) | (ELISA) | Â | 64.5 (18.5) | Controls: Orthopaedic patients with no fracture admitted between Jul-Dec 2004 |
| Â | Â | 4.75 (2.34) | Â | Â | 3.31 (1.93) | Â |