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Table 2 Factors associated with smoking during pregnancy and daily smoking

From: Maternal age, education level and migration: Socioeconomic determinants for smoking during pregnancy in a field study from Turkey

 

SMOKING STATUS

 

Smoking during pregnancy

Daily smoking

 

Daily and occasional smoker

n(%)

Did not smoke

n(%)

p

Daily smoker

n(%)

Non smoker, stopped smoking, occasional smoker

n(%)

p

Maternal Age

      

< 20

14(37.8)

23(62.2)

0.039

15(40.5)

22(59.5)

0.215

20-34

39(19.4)

162(80.6)

 

53(26.4)

148(73.6)

 

≥ 35

5(29.4)

12(70.6)

 

5(29.4)

12(70.6)

 

Maternal education

      

Illeterate+only literate

10(52.6)

9(47.4)

0.002

10(52.6)

9(47.4)

0.000

Primary

23(16.8)

114(83.2)

 

16(11.7)

121(88.3)

 

Secondary+University

25(25.3)

74(74.7)

 

17(17.2)

82(82.8)

 

Partner's education

      

Illeterate+only literate

9(75.0)

3(25.0)

0.000

9(75.0)

3(25.0)

0.000

Primary

17(17.2)

82(82.8)

 

14(14.1)

85(85.9)

 

Secondary+University

31(21.7)

112(78.3)

 

19(13.3)

124(86.7)

 

Previous births

      

Nullipar

23(21.5)

84(78.5)

0.802

14(13.1)

93(86.9)

0.178

1+

34(22.8)

115(77.2)

 

29(19.5)

120(80.5)

 

Social class

      

Employer+Self Employed

13(17.8)

60(82.2)

0.088

7(9.6)

66(90.4)

0.006

White-collar employees

12(24.0)

38(76.0)

 

7(14.0)

43(86.0)

 

Blue-collar workers

18(19.6)

74(80.4)

 

15(16.3)

77(83.7)

 

Marginal, unemployed

15(37.5)

25(62.5)

 

14(35.0)

26(65.0)

 

Place of origin

      

Urban

17(36.2)

30(63.8)

0.013

10(21.3)

37(78.7)

0.339

Rural

40(19.4)

166(80.6)

 

32(15.5)

174(84.5)

 

Migrated to Burhaniye

      

Yes

33(30.8)

74(69.2)

0.008

26(24.3)

81(75.7)

0.007

No

25(16.8)

124(83.2)

 

17(11.4)

132(88.6)

 

Poverty

      

Below poverty level

24(26.4)

67(73.6)

0.000

23(25.3)

68(74.7)

0.007

Above poverty level

34(20.6)

131(79.4)

 

20(12.1)

145(87.9)

 

Perceived Income

      

Very good/good

12(16.4)

61(83.6)

0.039

6(8.2)

67(91.8)

0.002

Moderate

26(20.5)

101(79.5)

 

19(15.0)

108(85.0)

 

Low/Very low

19(34.5)

36(65.5)

 

17(30.9)

38(69.1)

 

Partner's smoking status

      

Smoked

35(28.0)

90(72.0)

0.046

28(22.4)

97(77.6)

0.019

Did not smoke

23(17.6)

108(82.4)

 

15(11.5)

116(88.5)