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Table 5 Hazard ratio and population attributable fraction for cardiovascular disease deaths according to the combination of smoking status and clustering of metabolic risk factors: NIPPON DATA90.

From: Population Attributable Fraction of Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Japan: a 15-Year Follow Up of NIPPON DATA90

 

Clustering of metabolic risk factors*

Number of participants

Person-years of follow-up

CVD deaths (n)

CVD mortality rate (per 1,000 person-years)

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) †

Estimated excess CVD deaths (n)

PAF component for CVD deaths (%)

Men

          

Non smoker

0 or 1

281

4002

2

0.50

1.00

    
 

2 ≤

275

3924

5

1.27

1.94

(0.38

-10.00)

2.4

2.8

Past smoker

0 or 1

282

4084

7

1.71

2.41

(0.50

-11.65)

4.1

4.7

 

2 ≤

319

4446

14

3.15

3.37

(0.76

-14.96)

9.8

11.3

Smoker

0 or 1

819

11465

23

2.01

4.17

(0.98

-17.71)

17.5

20.1

 

2 ≤

776

10592

36

3.40

5.85

(1.40

-24.38)

29.8

34.3

Women

          

Non smoker

0 or 1

2,117

30554

14

0.46

1.00

    
 

2 ≤

1314

18661

32

1.71

1.55

(0.82

-2.95)

11.4

18.7

Past smoker

0 or 1

54

698

0

--

  

--

--

--

 

2 ≤

40

527

2

3.79

3.08

(0.69

-13.81)

1.4

2.2

Smoker

0 or 1

222

3098

5

1.61

4.56

(1.62

-12.87)

3.9

6.4

 

2 ≤

151

2016

8

3.97

5.86

(2.41

-14.23)

6.6

10.9

  1. *Metabolic risk factors were any of the following four factors: obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2), high blood pressure as blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg or on treatment of hypertension, high blood glucose as blood glucose ≥ 110 mg/dl or on treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia as triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dl or high density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dl or on treatment of dyslipidemia.
  2. †Hazard ratios were adjusted for age and drinking.
  3. CVD, cardiovascular diseases; PAF, population attributable fraction; CI, confidence interval.