Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Results of the multivariate logistic regression

	CKD			ALB
	OR	95% CI	Sig. (P)	OR	95% CI	Sig. (P)
Urinary Cd - univariate model
Urinary Cd
- ≤ 1 mcg/g	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- > 1 mcg/g	1.61	1.14, 2.28	0.007	2.23	1.72, 2.89	< 0.001
Urinary Cd - multivariate model
Urinary Cd
- ≤ 1 mcg/g	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- > 1 mcg/g	0.70	0.47, 1.04	0.079	1.63	1.23, 2.16	0.001
Age (1 year)	1.12	1.11, 1.13	< 0.001	1.04	1.03, 1.04	< 0.001
Gender
- Female	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- Male	1.28	1.01, 1.62	0.039	0.65	0.55, 0.77	< 0.001
BMI (1 Kg/m²)	1.03	1.01, 1.05	0.002	1.04	1.03, 1.05	< 0.001
Race/ethnicity
- Mexican american	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- Non-hispanic white	3.50	2.00, 6.11	< 0.001	1.16	0.84, 1.62	0.371
- Non Hispanic black	2.65	1.82, 3.86	< 0.001	0.65	0.53, 0.80	< 0.001
- Other	1.89	1.20, 2.97	< 0.001	1.12	0.89, 1.42	0.325
Blood Cd - univariate model
Blood Cd
- ≤ 1 mcg/L	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- > 1 mcg/L	0.96	0.70, 1.32	0.007	1.28	1.02, 1.61	0.034
Blood Cd - multivariate model
Blood Cd
- ≤ 1 mcg/L	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- > 1 mcg/L	1.48	1.01, 2.17	0.046	1.41	1.10, 1.82	0.007
Age (1 year)	1.12	1.11, 1.13	< 0.001	1.04	1.03, 1.04	< 0.001
Gender
- Female	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- Male	1.22	0.97, 1.54	0.094	0.67	0.56, 0.79	< 0.001
BMI (1 Kg/m²)	1.04	1.02, 1.06	< 0.001	1.04	1.02, 1.05	< 0.001
Race/ethnicity
- Mexican american	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- Non-hispanic white	3.29	1.88, 5.76	< 0.001	1.15	0.83, 1.60	0.405
- Non Hispanic black	2.66	1.83, 3.88	< 0.001	0.64	0.52, 0.79	< 0.001
- Other	1.88	1.19, 2.95	0.006	1.10	0.87, 1.38	0.456
Interaction urinary/blood Cd
Urinary/blood Cd
- ≤ 1 mcg/g-1 mcg/L	Ref	Ref	-	Ref	Ref	-
- > 1 mcg/g-1 mcg/L	1.01	0.60, 1. 27	0.964	1.62	1.10, 2.38	0.014

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