Determinants of health disparities between Italian regions

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multilevel logistic regressions of poor health on individual and regional characteristics N = 107,087

Dependent variable: Poor health	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
*Individual level factors*
Age
Less than 35	0.12	(0.10, 0.14)	0.12	(0.10, 0.14)	0.12	(0.10, 0.14)
35-44	0.37	(0.33, 0.42)	0.37	(0.33, 0.42)	0.37	(0.33, 0.42)
45-64	ref		ref		ref
65-74	1.82	(1.69, 1.96)	1.82	(1.69, 1.96)	1.82	(1.69, 1.96)
75 and over	3.74	(3.47, 4.03)	3.74	(3.47, 4.03)	3.74	(3.47, 4.03)
Gender
Female	ref		ref		ref
Male	1.00	(0.94, 1.07)	1.00	(0.94, 1.07)	1.00	(0.94, 1.07)
Marital status
Married	ref		ref		ref
Separated/divorced	1.43	(1.26, 1.61)	1.43	(1.26, 1.62)	1.43	(1.26, 1.62)
Widowed	1.28	(1.20, 1.37)	1.28	(1.20, 1.37)	1.28	(1.20, 1.37)
Single	1.41	(1.29, 1.53)	1.41	(1.29, 1.53)	1.41	(1.29, 1.53)
Education
College degree	ref		ref		ref
High school	1.16	(0.99, 1.36)	1.16	(0.99, 1.36)	1.16	(0.99, 1.36)
Less than high school	2.07	(1.79, 2.39)	2.07	(1.79, 2.39)	2.07	(1.79, 2.39)
Employment status
Employee	ref		ref		ref
Self-employed	0.73	(0.62, 0.86)	0.73	(0.62, 0.86)	0.73	(0.62, 0.86)
Retired	2.17	(1.95, 2.41)	2.17	(1.95, 2.41)	2.17	(1.95, 2.42)
Not working/other	3.01	(2.72, 3.34)	3.01	(2.71, 3.33)	3.00	(2.71, 3.33)
*Regional level factors*
Economic disadvantage¹			1.21	(1.09,1.34)	0.99	(0.84, 1.12)
Poor living conditions¹					1.41	(1.04, 1.92)
Satisfaction with healthcare^1,3					0.96	(0.85, 1.08)
Capital intensity in healthcare^2,3					1.00	(0.97, 1.02)
Share of private healthcare expenditure¹					0.94	(0.88, 0.99)
Social isolation (no friends)					0.99	(0.91, 1.09)
Obesity rate¹					1.24	(0.61, 2.54)
Region level variance	0.07	(0.03, 0.13)	0.04	(0.02, 0.08)	0.03	(0.01, 0.05)
ICC	0.020	(0.010, 0.038)	0.012	(0.006, 0.024)	0.008	(0.004, 0.016)

¹: Rescaled so that OR represent change in poor health associated with a 10% change in regional factor.
²: Number of medical equipment machines per 10,000 residents
³: These variables are measured so that larger values represent a beneficial effect on health (and a negative effect on poor health).

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