Table 5 Predictors of infant undernutrition at 12 months of age in Butajira Birth cohort, Ethiopia (n = 926)*
Characteristics considered | Underweight | Stunting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n (%) or Mean(SD) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | N (%) or Mean(SD) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Feeding practices individually adjusted for full model | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-exclusive breast-feeding at 2 months | 146(15.9) | 0.82(0.52,1.29) | 0.87(0.53,1.42) | 145(15.9) | 1.31(0.92,1.87) | 1.46(0.97,2.20) |
No pre-lacteal food | 864(95.4) | 1.15(0.52,2.53) | 1.02(0.42,2.48) | 857(95.2) | 0.98(0.53,1.81) | 0.99(0.50,1.95) |
Colostrums not given | 166(18.3) | 1.22(0.82,1.82) | 1.04(0.66,1.63) | 165(18.3) | 0.84(0.60,1.18) | 0.78(0.53,1.15) |
Breast feeding delayed for 1 hour | 618(68.1) | 1.21(0.85,1.72) | 1.20(0.81,1.78) | 614(68.2) | 0.94(0.71,1.24) | 0.85(0.62,1.17) |
Fully adjusted model | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Characteristics of mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 26.9(6.2) | 1.04(1.01,1.06) | 1.04(1.00,1.08) | 26.9(6.2) | 1.01(0.99,1.04) | 1.02(0.99,1.06) |
Height (metres) | 1.58(0.06) | 1.00(0.97,1.02) | 1.00(0.97,1.03) | 1.58(0.06) | 0.99(0.97,1.01) | 0.99(0.97,1.02) |
Mid upper arm circumference (cm) | 24.7(2.1) | 0.91(0.84,0.98) | 0.89(0.81,0.97) | 24.7(2.1) | 0.95(0.89,1.01) | 0.95(0.89,1.02) |
Being in polygamous marriage | 162(17.6) | 0.90(0.59,1.38) | 0.77(0.45,1.33) | 162(17.7) | 1.06(0.76,1.49) | 1.19(0.76,1.87) |
Autonomy scale (0-5) | 1.1(1.8) | 1.02(0.94,1.11) | 1.04(0.95,1.15) | 1.1(1.8) | 0.97(0.91,1.04) | 1.00(0.92,1.08) |
Use khat and/or alcohol | 104(11.3) | 0.70(0.41,1.22) | 0.81(0.45,1.47) | 104(11.4) | 0.77(0.51,1.16) | 0.81(0.51,1.28) |
Had at least one obstetric complication | 573(64.5) | 0.91(0.65,1.27) | 1.03(0.71,1.49) | 571(64.7) | 0.86(0.65,1.14) | 0.92(0.68,1.26) |
Household characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban residence | 124(13.5) | 0.43(0.24,0.78) | 0.38(0.16,0.90) | 123(13.4) | 0.53(0.36,0.79) | 0.52(0.28,0.99) |
Number of under 5 children: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   0 | 189(20.5) | 1 | 1 | 187(20.4) | 1 | 1 |
   1 | 470(51.0) | 1.69(1.07,2.67) | 1.33(0.77,2.30) | 466(50.9) | 1.20(0.85,1.68) | 0.96(0.63,1.46) |
   ≥ 2 | 263(28.5) | 1.70(1.04,2.79) | 1.75(0.98,3.14) | 263(28.7) | 1.15(0.79,1.67) | 1.19(0.76,1.87) |
Age of father in years | 36.0(8.8) | 1.02(1.00,1.04) | 1.02(0.98,1.05) | 36.1(8.9) | 1.01(0.99,1.02) | 1.00(0.97,1.02) |
Poverty index (0 to 11) | 7.3(2.0) | 1.08(0.99,1.17) | 0.85(0.74,0.97) | 7.3(2.0) | 1.08(1.01,1.15) | 0.98(0.88,1.09) |
Poor sanitary condition (0 to 3) | 1.5(1.0) | 1.45(1.22,1.72) | 1.39(1.13,1.73) | 1.5(0.9) | 1.37(1.19,1.58) | 1.30(1.08,1.55) |
Higher level of social support (0 to 4) | 1.1(1.1) | 1.09(0.94,1.26) | 1.07(0.91,1.26 | 1.1(1.1) | 1.08(0.95,1.22) | 1.06(0.93,1.22) |
Characteristics of index child | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Female gender | 456(49.5) | 0.80(0.58,1.10) | 0.86(0.60,1.23) | 449(49.0) | 0.48(0.37,0.63) | 0.46(0.34,0.62) |
Not immunised at two months | 381(41.5) | 1.22(0.89,1.69) | 1.15(0.81,1.65) | 379(41.6) | 0.96(0.74,1.25) | 0.97(0.72,1.30) |
Severe illness in the first 2 months | 193(21.0) | 1.13(0.77,1.66) | 1.17(0.76,1.79) | 192(21.1) | 0.91(0.66,1.26) | 0.83(0.58,1.19) |
Birth weight: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Normal (> = 2500 gm) | 570(61.8) | 1 | 1 | 568(62.0) | 1 | 1 |
   Low (<2500 gm) | 43(4.7) | 3.08(1.62,5.85) | 3.00(1.47,6.13) | 41(4.5) | 2.71(1.39,5.28) | 2.88(1.38,6.03) |
   Not measured | 309(33.5) | 1.23(0.88,1.73) | 1.28(0.87,1.87) | 307(35.5) | 1.94(1.46,2.57) | 2.18(1.59,3.01) |