Table 4 The survey logistic regression models (ORs and 95%CI) for health services utilisation and its associated risk factors (n = 3742)

NESB vs ESB infants^‡

0.56 [0.40-0.79]**

0.68 [0.49-0.95]*

0.58 [0.40-0.83]**

0.54 [0.31-0.93]*

0.87 [0.48-1.55]

Infant sex

   male vs female

1.08 [0.93-1.24]

0.90 [0.78-1.02]

1.15 [0.94-1.41]

1.32 [1.06-1.65]*

1.16 [0.90-1.50]

Mothers' age

   15~20

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   21~25

1.65 [0.99-2.76]

1.48 [0.94-2.34]

1.29 [0.75-2.21]

1.09 [0.50-2.38]

1.92 [0.56-6.54]

   26~30

2.12 [1.31-3.44]**

1.59 [0.98-2.57]

1.40 [0.84-2.34]

1.06 [0.51-2.20]

2.67 [0.72-9.96]

   31~35

2.83 [1.74-4.61]**

1.50 [0.94-2.39]

1.55 [0.92-2.61]

1.26 [0.61-2.59]

2.56 [0.68-9.61]

   36~40

2.83 [1.70-4.72]**

1.37 [0.85-2.19]

1.40 [0.79-2.48]

1.31 [0.61-2.82]

2.27 [0.58-8.87]

   41 and older

1.90 [1.06-3.42]*

1.82 [1.02-3.26]*

1.70 [0.82-3.54]

1.66 [0.62-4.39]

3.19 [0.77-13.21]

Marital status

   married vs single

1.05 [0.87-1.28]

0.96 [0.79-1.18]

1.35 [1.07-1.70]*

0.67 [0.49-0.90]**

0.85 [0.62-1.17]

Mothers' education status

   under Year 12

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   year 12 or equivalent

1.22 [1.02-1.46]*

1.28 [1.03-1.59]*

1.11 [0.86-1.45]

1.30 [0.96-1.76]

0.82 [0.57-1.16]

   tertiary qualification^۴

1.78 [1.48-2.15]**

1.49 [1.22-1.84]**

1.23 [0.96-1.57]

1.40 [1.01-1.95]*

0.91 [0.67-1.22]

Mothers' LEP^‡

   very well

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   well

0.99 [0.63-1.57]

0.71 [0.44-1.16]

0.71 [0.42-1.20]

1.54 [0.77-3.07]

1.10 [0.52-2.32]

   not well/not at all

0.69 [0.32-1.47]

0.71 [0.33-1.54]

0.63 [0.30-1.34]

1.76 [0.56-5.49]

1.79 [0.73-4.36]

Smoking during pregnancy

   yes vs no

0.78 [0.63-0.96]*

0.91 [0.72-1.14]

1.04 [0.81-1.33]

1.05 [0.75-1.46]

1.07 [0.74-1.54]

Drink during pregnancy

   yes vs no

1.43 [1.22-1.67]**

1.13 [0.95-1.34]

1.23 [1.02-1.49]*

1.05 [0.81-1.35]

0.91 [0.71-1.18]

Number of children in household

   one

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   two

0.66 [0.55-0.77]**

0.91 [0.77-1.08]

0.98 [0.79-1.22]

0.76 [0.58-1.01]

1.10 [0.84-1.43]

   three

0.46 [0.37-0.57]**

0.73 [0.59-0.91]**

0.98 [0.74-1.30]

0.79 [0.54-1.16]

1.65 [1.19-2.30]**

   four or more

0.35 [0.26-0.48]**

0.58 [0.43-0.79]**

1.03 [0.72-1.48]

1.02 [0.63-1.65]

1.86 [1.20-2.87]**

Family income per week

   less than $499

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   $500 - $999

1.19 [0.91-1.55]

1.07 [0.80-1.42]

1.56 [1.19-2.05]**

1.25 [0.80-1.95]

0.98 [0.63-1.54]

   $1000 - $1499

1.32 [1.02-1.70]*

1.02 [0.75-1.37]

1.66 [1.22-2.25]**

1.15 [0.71-1.86]

1.07 [0.65-1.75]

   $1500 - $1999

1.18 [0.86-1.61]

1.32 [0.92-1.89]

1.63 [1.15-2.30]**

1.25 [0.76-2.06]

1.37 [0.81-2.32]

   $2000 or more

1.42 [1.02-1.98]*

0.88 [0.61-1.28]

1.89 [1.30-2.73]**

1.23 [0.71-2.13]

1.54 [0.91-2.62]

Region of residence

   metropolitan vs non-metropolitan

1.14 [0.96-1.36]

1.10 [0.93-1.30]

1.46 [1.18-1.80]**

1.07 [0.79-1.45]

1.15 [0.87-1.51]

Private health insured

   yes vs no

1.04 [0.88-1.23]

1.00 [0.83-1.19]

0.99 [0.80-1.22]

0.69 [0.51-0.95]*

1.27 [0.93-1.72]

Model 2 ^§

Mothers' LEP

   very well

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   well

0.73 [0.46-1.17]

0.58 [0.37-0.92]*

0.53 [0.34-0.84]**

1.14 [0.57-2.27]

1.02 [0.50-2.07]

   not well/not at all

0.46 [0.21-1.00]*

0.54 [0.26-1.14]

0.43 [0.21-0.88]*

1.15 [0.36-3.67]

1.61 [0.68-3.80]

Model 3 ^¶

NESB with very well or well English proficiency vs ESB

0.63 [0.46-0.86]**

0.58 [0.43-0.77]**

0.58 [0.42-0.79]**

0.58 [0.34-0.99]*

1.11 [0.68-1.83]

NESB with not well or no English proficiency vs ESB

0.21 [0.08-0.59]**

0.49 [0.21-1.14]

0.40 [0.18-0.87]*

1.38 [0.42-4.58]

1.80 [0.72-4.49]

Model 1 ^†

NESB vs ESB infants^‡

0.86 [0.57-1.28]

0.81 [0.46-1.43]

1.06 [0.66-1.70]

0.76 [0.52-1.10]

Infant sex

   male vs female

1.05 [0.89-1.25]

1.22 [0.95-1.57]

1.19 [0.98-1.44]

1.23 [1.07-1.43]**

Mothers' age

   15~20

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   21~25

1.13 [0.65-1.96]

1.02 [0.53-1.96]

4.65 [0.99-21.77]

1.27 [0.69-2.33]

   26~30

1.01 [0.59-1.74]

0.86 [0.42-1.73]

7.80 [1.75-34.66]**

1.24 [0.66-2.32]

   31~35

1.08 [0.62-1.88]

0.86 [0.41-1.80]

7.54 [1.70-33.52]**

1.39 [0.75-2.57]

   36~40

1.04 [0.56-1.92]

0.95 [0.43-2.14]

9.92 [2.17-45.32]**

1.22 [0.65-2.30]

   41 and older

0.80 [0.40-1.60]

0.61 [0.22-1.73]

5.95 [1.18-30.01]*

1.51 [0.77-2.96]

Marital status

   married vs single

0.83 [0.66-1.03]

0.91 [0.66-1.27]

0.88 [0.65-1.19]

0.98 [0.79-1.21]

Mothers' Education

   under Year 12

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   year 12 or equivalent

1.01 [0.81-1.26]

0.78 [0.58-1.07]

1.15 [0.85-1.55]

1.01 [0.81-1.26]

   tertiary qualification^۴

1.01 [0.80-1.28]

0.87 [0.63-1.19]

1.23 [0.92-1.63]

1.29 [1.06-1.57]*

Mothers' LEP^‡

   very well

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   well

0.71 [0.38-1.33]

1.29 [0.60-2.78]

0.63 [0.26-1.51]

0.56 [0.28-1.15]

   not well or not at all

1.69 [0.74-3.88]

1.13 [0.37-3.46]

1.44 [0.54-3.82]

0.50 [0.21-1.20]

Smoking during pregnancy

   yes vs no

1.12 [0.90-1.41]

0.92 [0.66-1.28]

0.98 [0.70-1.37]

1.03 [0.82-1.29]

Drinking during pregnancy

   yes vs no

0.92 [0.77-1.11]

0.95 [0.72-1.25]

1.14 [0.92-1.42]

1.04 [0.89-1.22]

Number of children in household

   one

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   two

1.01 [0.84-1.21]

1.07 [0.82-1.41]

0.80 [0.63-1.01]

0.95 [0.80-1.12]

   three

1.15 [0.87-1.51]

1.57 [1.12-2.20]**

0.86 [0.61-1.19]

0.80 [0.62-1.02]

   four or more

0.87 [0.59-1.28]

0.80 [0.45-1.43]

0.92 [0.58-1.46]

0.81 [0.58-1.13]

Family income per week

   less than $499

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   $500 - $999

1.02 [0.75-1.38]

1.05 [0.68-1.63]

0.87 [0.58-1.30]

1.03 [0.75-1.42]

   $1000 - $1499

1.05 [0.77-1.43]

0.86 [0.53-1.40]

1.08 [0.71-1.65]

0.90 [0.65-1.25]

   $1500 - $1999

0.98 [0.68-1.42]

0.93 [0.54-1.60]

0.81 [0.51-1.30]

1.00 [0.70-1.41]

   $2000 or more

1.16 [0.80-1.69]

0.94 [0.50-1.74]

0.88 [0.54-1.44]

1.02 [0.71-1.46]

Region of residence

   metropolitan vs non- metropolitan

1.10 [0.89-1.35]

1.03 [0.79-1.34]

1.04 [0.83-1.30]

1.38 [1.13-1.68]**

Private health insured

   yes vs no

0.90 [0.72-1.13]

0.96 [0.71-1.30]

1.64 [1.28-2.10]**

3.48 [2.93-4.13]**

Model 2 ^§

Mothers' LEP

   very well

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   well

0.65 [0.35-1.22]

1.15 [0.57-2.34]

0.65 [0.29-1.48]

0.49 [0.25-0.97]*

   not well or not at all

1.52 [0.64-3.56]

0.97 [0.34-2.77]

1.49 [0.59-3.80]

0.42 [0.17-1.01]

Model 3

NESB with very well or well English proficiency vs ESB

0.90 [0.63-1.28]

0.85 [0.50-1.43]

1.05 [0.69-1.58]

0.66 [0.48-0.91]*

NESB with not well or no English proficiency vs ESB

1.79 [0.68-4.77]

0.66 [0.05-8.67]

1.36 [0.45-4.14]

0.54 [0.23-1.26]