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Table 1 Univariate proportional-hazards models for mortality vs. travel time variables and covariates of interest in children under 5 years old, under 1 year old and 1 to 4 years old: hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals

From: Geographic access to care is not a determinant of child mortality in a rural Kenyan setting with high health facility density

 

<5 years

<1 year

1-4 years

Risk variable

HR

(95% CI)

p-val

HR

(95% CI)

p-val

HR

(95% CI)

p-val

Travel time variables

         

   Hospital -- pedestrian (per 60 min)

0.99

(0.95,1.04)

0.73

0.98

(0.94,1.01)

0.32

1.02

(0.96,1.09)

0.47

   Hospital -- vehicular (per 30 min)

1.01

(0.95,1.08)

0.73

0.98

(0.92,1.03)

0.40

**1.09

(1.03,1.16)

<0.01

   Vaccine clinics -- pedestrian (per 15 min)

1.00

(0.98,1.03)

0.73

1.00

(0.97,1.03)

1.00

1.02

(0.98,1.06)

0.43

   Vaccine clinics -- vehicular (per 15 min)

0.97

(0.93,1.02)

0.25

*0.95

(0.92,0.99)

0.03

1.02

(0.96,1.07)

0.58

Sex

         

   Female

1

  

1

  

1

  

   Male

**1.15

(1.04,1.28)

<0.01

**1.23

(1.08,1.40)

<0.01

1.01

(0.82,1.23)

0.96

Ethnicity

  

0.03

  

0.17

  

<0.01

   Giriama

1

  

1

  

1

  

   Chonyi

1.04

(0.90,1.19)

0.62

1.00

(0.86,1.15)

0.95

1.15

(0.96,1.37)

0.14

   Kauma

0.89

(0.76,1.04)

0.14

0.83

(0.68,1.02)

0.07

1.09

(0.88,1.35)

0.42

   Luo

1.47

(0.97,2.23)

0.07

1.10

(0.01, >99)

0.99

**3.08

(1.83,5.17)

<0.01

   Duruma

*1.56

(1.04,2.35)

0.03

1.64

(0.91,2.94)

0.10

*1.49

(1.03,2.15)

0.03

   Jibana

1.28

(0.93,1.77)

0.13

1.18

(0.86,1.60)

0.31

1.15

(0.73,1.81)

0.54

   "Other"

1.05

(0.81,1.36)

0.70

1.14

(0.93,1.41)

0.21

0.73

(0.49,1.09)

0.13

Proportion of women with any education

  

0.98

  

0.51

  

0.41

   <0.5

1

  

1

  

1

  

   0.5-<0.6

0.96

(0.77,1.21)

0.75

1.05

(0.87,1.26)

0.61

0.84

(0.66,1.07)

0.10

   0.6-<0.7

0.99

(0.81,1.22)

0.93

1.10

(0.86,1.40)

0.47

0.79

(0.51,1.21)

0.17

   ≥ 0.7

0.97

(0.80,1.17)

0.71

1.12

(0.96,1.31)

0.14

0.67

(0.40,1.13)

0.18

Migrant status

         

   Non-migrant

1

  

1

  

1

  

   Migrant

0.93

(0.82,1.06)

0.29

0.91

(0.75,1.10)

0.32

1.02

(0.77,1.35)

0.89

Rainfall

         

   < 40 mm per 7 days

1

  

1

  

1

  

   ≥ 40 mm per 7 days

**0.71

(0.62,0.80)

<0.01

**0.72

(0.93,1.02)

<0.01

**0.69

(0.56,0.86)

<0.01

  1. (*p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01)
  2. Note: The analysis of maternal education was specified 'per location' not per mother.