Table 2 Comparison of characteristics of participants with no sensory impairment and any multiple sensory impairment in the PIONEER study population
|  | Overall (N = 660) | None (N = 115) | Any MSI (N = 545) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 60–69 | 187 (28.3) | 95 (82.6) | 92 (16.9) |  |
 70–79 | 211 (32.0) | 18 (15.7) | 193 (35.4) |  |
 ≥ 80 | 262 (39.7) | 2 (1.7) | 260 (47.7) |  |
Sex (female) | 367 (55.6) | 80 (69.6) | 287 (52.7) | < 0.001 |
Race | Â | Â | Â | 0.425 |
 Chinese | 312 (47.3) | 58 (50.4) | 254 (46.6) |  |
 Malay | 194 (29.4) | 28 (24.4) | 166 (30.5) |  |
 Indian | 154 (23.3) | 29 (25.2) | 125 (22.9) |  |
Low SES | 132 (26.0) | 5 (4.6) | 127 (31.8) | < 0.001 |
Living Alone | 65 (10.2) | 5 (4.4) | 60 (11.5) | 0.025 |
Systemic Conditions | ||||
 Diabetes | 229 (38.5) | 29 (27.1) | 200 (41.0) | 0.008 |
 Hypertension | 575 (87.4) | 87 (75.7) | 488 (89.9) | < 0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 530 (86.3) | 100 (90.9) | 430 (85.3) | 0.122 |
 CVD | 111 (20.6) | 9 (8.3) | 102 (23.7) | < 0.001 |
 CKD | 160 (26.9) | 1 (0.9) | 159 (32.7) | < 0.001 |
BMI | Â | Â | Â | 0.782 |
 BMI < 18.5 | 34 (5.2) | 7 (6.1) | 27 (4.9) |  |
 18.5 ≤ BMI < 23 | 204 (30.9) | 33 (28.7) | 171 (31.4) |  |
 BMI > 23 | 422 (63.9) | 75 (65.2) | 347 (63.7) |  |
Multimorbidity | 253 (46.2) | 28 (27.2) | 225 (50.6) | < 0.001 |
Polypharmacy | 141 (22.2) | 11 (9.7) | 130 (24.9) | < 0.001 |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | 0.35 |
 Never or past smoker | 583 (91.7) | 107 (93.9) | 476 (91.2) |  |
 Current Smoker | 53 (8.3) | 7 (6.1) | 46 (8.8) |  |
Alcohol frequency | Â | Â | Â | 0.224 |
 None | 564 (91.0) | 90 (87.4) | 474 (91.7) |  |
 ≤ 4 days per week | 42 (6.8) | 11 (10.7) | 31 (6.0) |  |
 > 4 days per week | 14 (2.3) | 2 (1.9) | 12 (2.3) |  |