Table 2 Logistic regression analyses of the associations between social determinants of health and having ≥ 1 ED visit in the prior 12 months among older adults with multimorbidity (N = 28,917)

Age (years)

50–64

-

Ref

Ref

≥ 65

-

0.76 (0.71–0.82) *

0.77 (0.71–0.82) *

Sex

Female

-

Ref

Ref

Male

-

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

Marital status

Currently married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Not married

1.20 (1.12–1.28) *

1.22 (1.14–1.31) *

1.19 (1.11–1.28) *

Race/ethnicity

Non-Hispanic White

Ref

Ref

Ref

Hispanic

1.07 (0.97–1.18)

1.06 (0.96–1.17)

1.10 (1.00–1.22)

Non-Hispanic Black

1.28 (1.19–1.38) *

1.25 (1.16–1.35) *

1.28 (1.19–1.38) *

Non-Hispanic Asian

0.66 (0.55–0.79) *

0.67 (0.56–0.80) *

0.71 (0.59–0.86) *

Non-Hispanic Other

1.28 (0.93–1.76)

1.23 (0.89–1.69)

1.08 (0.78–1.50)

Education

≥ Bachelor’s degree

Ref

Ref

Ref

Some college

1.11 (1.02–1.20) *

1.09 (1.00–1.18) *

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

≤ High school

1.14 (1.06–1.23) *

1.15 (1.06–1.24) *

1.10 (1.02–1.19) *

Poverty income ratio (PIR)^†

PIR ≥ 2.00

Ref

Ref

Ref

PIR 1-1.99

1.28 (1.18–1.39) *

1.26 (1.16–1.37) *

1.19 (1.10–1.30) *

PIR < 1

1.70 (1.55–1.86) *

1.59 (1.44–1.75) *

1.44 (1.31–1.59) *

Employment status

Employed

Ref

Ref

Ref

Unemployed

1.35 (1.26–1.45) *

1.52 (1.41–1.64) *

1.33 (1.23–1.44) *

Health insurance status

Insured

Ref

Ref

Ref

Not insured

1.02 (0.87–1.18)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

1.00 (0.85–1.16)

Have a usual place for medical care

No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.54 (1.26–1.89) *

1.57 (1.28–1.93) *

1.46 (1.18–1.80) *

Region

Northeast

Ref

Ref

Ref

Midwest

1.08 (0.98–1.19)

1.08 (0.97–1.19)

1.06 (0.96–1.17)

South

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

0.91 (0.83–1.00)

West

0.95 (0.85–1.05)

0.95 (0.85–1.05)

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

Number of chronic conditions

2

-

-

Ref

3–4

-

-

1.76 (1.65–1.88) *

≥ 5

-

-

3.56 (3.23–3.92) *