Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all included studies
From: Risk factors for low back pain in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
References | Study design | Sample size | Mean age | Diagnostic criteria | Risk factors reported | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang Yu 2021 [36] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 22; CG: 74 | 63.21 ± 11.55 | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | Cigarette smoking; BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Working overtime | 8 |
Wu Gang 2019 [37] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 142; CG: 323 | 36.87 ± 4.87 | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | Cigarette smoking; BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Lack of exercise | 8 |
Yang Qichang 2020 [38] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 80; CG: 307 | NR | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | Cigarette smoking; BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Working overtime; Lack of exercise | 8 |
Wang Xi 2019 [39] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 80; CG: 275 | 46.45 ± 8.65 | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Vibration exposure at work; Lack of exercise | 9 |
Liu Feng 2020 [22] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 39; CG: 292 | NR | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | Female sex; Vibration exposure at work | 9 |
Wang Jiuqing 2022 [40] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 96; CG: 260 | NR | Follow the Expert consensus on acute/chronic nonspecific low back pain in China for judgment [47]. | Vibration exposure at work; Lack of exercise | 8 |
Peng Banglai 2017 [19] | Cross-sectional study | 3800 | 37.47 ± 6.87 | In the past year, there has been pain or limited mobility lasting ≥ 24 h between the rib margin of the back and the folds of the buttocks. | Female sex | 8 |
Jia Ning 2022 [18] | Cross-sectional study | 57,501 | 32.32 ± 9.16 | Follow The National Institute of Occupational Safety&Health criteria for musculoskeletal injury for judgment [48]. | Cigarette smoking; Vibration exposure at work; Standing for long periods | 9 |
Zhang Qiong a 2019 [41] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 105; CG: 393 | 31.1 ± 7.6 | Follow the Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [49], the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [50] and the Job Content Questionnaire [51] for judgment. | BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Female sex | 9 |
Zhang Qiong b 2019 [41] | Cross-sectional study | 519 | 35.7 ± 6.9 | Follow the Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [49], the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [50] and the Job Content Questionnaire [51] for judgment. | BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²; Female sex | 9 |
Zhang Qiong c 2019 [41] | Cross-sectional study | 543 | 38.4 ± 9.5 | Follow the Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [49], the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [50] and the Job Content Questionnaire [51] for judgment. | BMI ≥ 28 kg/m² | 9 |
Wang M 2017 [42] | Cross-sectional study | 719 | 40.1 ± 5.8 | Follow the modified Delphi questionnaire [2] and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [52] for judgment. | Working overtime | 9 |
Yue Pengying 2012 [20] | Cross-sectional study | 893 | NR | Follow the Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [49] and the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [50] for judgment. | Female sex; Standing for long periods | 9 |
Barrero Lope H 2006 [43] | Cross-sectional study | 13,965 | NR | The patient reported experiencing LBP in the past year. | Vibration exposure at work | 10 |
Xu Guangxing 2012 [44] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 997; CG: 540 | 35.2 ± 16.7 | Follow the Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [49] and the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [50] for judgment. | Working overtime; Standing for long periods | 9 |
Wei Gejin 2018 [45] | Cross-sectional study | 2565 | 20.57 ± 3.44 | LBP was defined as pain in the lower back extending from the 12th rib to the lumbar or lumbosacral area that is not related to a tumor, inflammation, injury, or lumbar disc protrusion. | Cigarette smoking | 8 |
Liu Xiaotong 2012 [46] | Cross-sectional study | LG: 786; CG: 1259 | NR | In the past three months, there has been LBP that lasts for a whole day or longer. | Cigarette smoking; Female sex | 8 |