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Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical, demographic, behavioural and socioeconomic risk factors for TB

From: Evaluation of a population-wide, systematic screening initiative for tuberculosis on Daru island, Western Province, Papua New Guinea

Characteristics

Total

Confirmed TB

Case (%)

Univariate

Multivariate

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Sex

Male

3 852 (50.3%)

42 (1.1%)

1.72 (1.04–2.85)*

1.64 (0.95–2.81)

 

Female

3 777 (49.3%)

24 (0.6%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 

Unknown

25 (0.3%)

0 (0.0%)

  

Age Group

5–14 yrs

994 (13.0%)

2 (0.2%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 

15–29 yrs

3 026 (39.5%)

21 (0.7%)

3.47 (0.81–14.81)

3.17 (0.71–14.16)

 

30–44 yrs

1 808 (23.6%)

18 (1.0%)

4.99 (1.15–21.54)*

3.71 (0.81–16.89)

 

45–59 yrs

1 348 (17.6%)

22 (1.6%)

8.23 (1.93–35.08)*

6.57 (1.48–29.13)*

 

≥ 60 yrs

478 (6.3%)

3 (0.6%)

3.13 (0.52–18.81)

2.21 (0.36–13.59)

BMI

Severely Underweight

268 (5.1%)

6 (2.2%)

2.78 (1.17–6.60)*

2.46 (1.00-6.14)*

 

Underweight

883 (25.6%)

17 (1.9%)

2.38 (1.35–4.20)*

2.07 (1.14–3.76)*

 

Normal weight

5 138 (52.9%)

42 (0.8%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 

Overweight

1 365 (16.4%)

1 (0.1%)

0.09 (0.01–0.65)*

0.09 (0.01–0.65)*

Ward

Karakara

3 368 (44.0%)

15 (0.4%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 

Tamati

1 134 (14.8%)

9 (0.8%)

1.79 (0.78–4.10)

1.08 (0.45–2.60)

 

Darowaro

1 486 (19.4%)

17 (1.1%)

2.59 (1.29–5.19)*

1.67 (0.80–3.48)

 

Iaru

1 666 (21.8%)

25 (1.5%)

3.41 (1.79–6.48)*

2.09 (1.04–4.20)*

Household Size

< 5 people

614 (8.0%)

16 (2.6%)

4.00 (2.14–7.47)*

3.41 (1.78–6.55)*

 

5–9 people

2 974 (38.9%)

23 (0.8%)

1.17 (0.67–2.04)

1.09 (0.62–1.92)

 

≥ 10 people

4 066 (53.1%)

27 (0.7%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

Housing Type

Individual house

5 506 (71.9%)

46 (0.8%)

1.00 (Ref)

 
 

Settlement, Prison & Unknown

2 148 (28.1%)

20 (0.9%)

1.11 (0.67–1.89)

 

Education

None

265 (3.5%)

4 (1.5%)

2.39 (0.81–7.05)

 
 

Elementary

4 246 (55.5%)

42 (1.0%)

1.56 (0.91–2.66)

 
 

Secondary and higher, or unknown

3 143 (41.1%)

20 (0.6%)

1.00 (Ref)

 

Job

None

3 564 (46.6%)

31 (0.9%)

1.00 (Ref)

 
 

Formal employment

3 324 (43.4%)

27 (0.8%)

0.93 (0.56–1.57)

 
 

Informal employment & Unknown

766 (10.0%)

8 (1.0%)

1.20 (0.55–2.63)

 

Income (kina/month)

< 200

3 810 (49.8%)

42 (1.1%)

2.58 (1.32–5.01)*

1.69 (0.83–3.41)

 

200–499

1 011 (13.2%)

9 (0.9%)

2.08 (0.86–5.02)

1.46 (0.59–3.69)

 

≥ 500

2 553 (33.4%)

8 (0.3%)

1.00 (Ref)

1.00 (Ref)

 

Unknown

280 (3.7%)

4 (1.4%)

3.35 (1.06–10.59)*

2.23 (0.67–7.41)

Presence of behavioral and social risk factors and symptoms

Smoking

2 700 (35.3%)

36 (1.3%)

2.21 (1.36–3.60)*

1.37 (0.80–2.34)

 

Alcohol

2 367 (30.9%)

26 (1.1%)

1.45 (0.88–2.39)

 
 

Buai

4 204 (54.9%)

38 (0.9%)

1.11 (0.68–1.81)

 
 

Cough

265 (3.5%)

8 (3.0%)

3.93 (1.86–8.31)*

1.77 (0.9–3.47)†

 

Fever

166 (2.2%)

9 (5.4%)

7.46 (3.63–15.34)*

 

Night Sweats

164 (2.1%)

7 (4.3%)

5.70 (2.56–12.69)*

 

Loss of Appetite

145 (1.9%)

4 (2.8%)

3.40 (1.22–9.47)*

 

Past history of TB

1 068 (14.0%)

23 (2.2%)

3.34 (2.00-5.56)*

2.10 (1.22–3.63)*

 

Household contact

753 (9.8%)

11 (1.5%)

1.84 (0.96–3.53)

 
 

Social contact

715 (9.3%)

8 (1.1%)

1.33 (0.63–2.80)

 

CAD4TB Score

< 50

7 066 (92.3%)

12 (0.2%)

1.00 (Ref)

 
 

50–59

219 (2.9%)

12 (5.5%)

34.08 (15.13–76.76)*

 
 

60–69

175 (2.3%)

17 (9.7%)

63.25 (29.71-134.65)*

 
 

70–79

98 (1.3%)

12 (12.2%)

82.02 (35.84-187.72)*

 
 

80–89

45 (0.6%)

9 (20.0%)

146.96 (58.32-370.32)*

 
 

90–100

51 (0.7%)

4 (7.8%)

50.03 (15.57-160.77)*

 
  1. CI: Confidence interval, OR: Odds Ratio
  2. * Significant difference (p < 0.05)
  3. † Multivariate adjusted OR was calculated using the single yes/no binary variable for any symptom (cough, fever, loss of appetite, and/or night sweats)
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