From: Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom
Model 1 (excluding feeling unsafe) | Model 2 (excluding avoiding someplace) | Model 3 (excluding being insulted) | Model 4 (excluding being attacked) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional analyses (wave 1) | |||||
Psychological distress | Coeff. [95%CI] | 1.22 (0.96; 1.48)*** | 1.10 (0.87; 1.34)*** | 1.16 (0.90; 1.41)*** | 1.11 (0.88; 1.34)*** |
Mental functioning | Coeff. [95%CI] | −3.53 (−4.30; −2.75)*** | − 3.64 (− 4.33; − 2.95)*** | −3.90 (− 4.65; − 3.16)*** | −3.61 (− 4.30; − 2.93)*** |
Life satisfaction | Coeff. [95%CI] | −0.43 (− 0.57; − 0.30)*** | −0.40 (− 0.52; − 0.27)*** | −0.39 (− 0.53; − 0.25)*** | −0.39 (− 0.52; − 0.27)*** |
Limiting longstanding illness | OR [95%CI] | 1.82 (1.51; 2.24)*** | 1.72 (1.43; 2.06)*** | 1.69 (1.39; 2.05)*** | 1.78 (1.49; 2.13)*** |
Physical functioning | Coeff. [95%CI] | −0.75 (− 1.47; − 0.03)* | −0.79 (− 1.43; − 0.15)* | −1.20 (− 1.90; − 0.49)*** | −0.90 (− 1.54; − 0.26)** |
Fair/poor self-rated health | OR [95%CI] | 1.59 (1.28; 1.96)*** | 1.48 (1.22; 1.79)*** | 1.57 (1.27; 1.94)*** | 1.51 (1.23; 1.83)*** |
Prospective analyses (wave 3) | |||||
Psychological distress | Coeff. [95%CI] | 0.37 (0.01; 0.73)* | 0.52 (0.20; 0.85)** | 0.62 (0.27; 0.97)*** | 0.51 (0.19; 0.83)** |
Mental functioning | Coeff. [95%CI] | −1.33 (− 2.38; −0.28)* | −1.80 (− 2.74; − 0.86)*** | −2.14 (− 3.16; − 1.13)*** | −1.71 (− 2.65; − 0.78)*** |
Life satisfaction | Coeff. [95%CI] | −0.16 (− 0.35; 0.04) | −0.12 (− 0.30; 0.06) | −0.13 (− 0.33; 0.06) | −0.14 (− 0.31; − 0.04) |
Limiting longstanding illness | OR [95%CI] | 1.34 (1.01; 1.78)* | 1.37 (1.06; 1.77)* | 1.34 (1.02; 1.78)* | 1.33 (1.04; 1.73)* |
Physical functioning | Coeff. [95%CI] | − 1.07 (− 2.02; −0.12)* | −0.42 (− 1.27; 0.43) | −0.50 (− 1.43; 0.43) | −0.51 (− 1.35; 0.33) |
Fair/poor self-rated health | OR [95%CI] | 1.25 (0.93; 1.68) | 1.33 (1.02; 1.72)* | 1.46 (1.10; 1.93)** | 1.32 (1.02; 1.72)* |