Table 5 Covariates associated with smokeless tobacco use in Kenya
From: Tobacco use and its determinants in the 2015 Kenya WHO STEPS survey
Smokeless tobacco use | Crude Odds Ratioa | Adjusted Odds Ratioa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Male | 1.23 (0.90, 1.69) | 0.189 | 1.51 (0.95, 2.41) | 0.079 |
Age group | ||||
18–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
30–39 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) | 0.635 | 0.94 (0.47, 1.87) | 0.854 |
40–49 | 1.38 (0.85, 2.22) | 0.190 | 2.04 (1.01, 4.11) | 0.047 |
50–59 | 2.53 (1.59, 4.01) | < 0.001 | 1.99 (0.98, 4.03) | 0.057 |
60–69 | 3.54 (2.11, 5.94) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.46, 2.66) | 0.826 |
Education level | ||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary complete | 0.13 (0.09, 0.19) | < 0.001 | 0.12 (0.06, 0.22) | < 0.001 |
Secondary and above | 0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | < 0.001 | 0.01 (0, 0.09) | < 0.001 |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 2.55 (1.73, 3.77) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (0.76, 2.52) | 0.292 |
Occupation | ||||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 0.47 (0.34, 0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.58 (0.39, 0.88) | 0.009 |
Ever used alcohol | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.49 (1.79, 3.45) | < 0.001 | 2.58 (1.47, 4.54) | 0.001 |
Episodic alcohol drinking | ||||
No alcohol | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Binge drinking | 5.19 (3.75, 7.19) | < 0.001 | 4.84 (1.55, 15.15) | 0.007 |
Non-heavy drinking | 1.04 (0.42, 2.55) | 0.932 | 3.52 (0.22, 57.21) | 0.377 |
Wealth band | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Second | 0.31 (0.21, 0.48) | < 0.001 | 0.44 (0.22, 0.91) | 0.026 |
Middle | 0.21 (0.13, 0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.28, 1.15) | 0.117 |
Fourth | 0.09 (0.04, 0.18) | < 0.001 | 0.04 (0, 0.57) | 0.017 |
Richest | 0.19 (0.11, 0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.16 (0.02, 1.08) | 0.060 |
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married | 1.73 (1.07, 2.82) | 0.026 | 1.21 (0.67, 2.2) | 0.522 |
Formerly married | 4.96 (2.9, 8.48) | < 0.001 | 2.48 (1.27, 4.83) | 0.007 |