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Table 3 Associations between harsh physical punishment in childhood and child maltreatment

From: The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood

 

AOR (95% CI)

Emotional abuse model

Sexual abuse model

Physical neglect model

Emotional neglect model

Physical abuse model

Exposure to IPV model

Any child maltreatment model

Harsh physical punishment

7.6 (6.6, 8.9)***

1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***

1.8 (1.6, 2.0)***

1.6 (1.3, 1.8)***

26.6 (21.6, 32.6)***

2.6 (2.2, 3.0)***

7.0 (6.4, 7.5)***

Sex

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

3.3 (3.0, 3.7)***

0.7 (0.6, 0.7)***

1.2 (1.0, 1.3)*

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)

1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***

1.0 (1.0, 1.1)

Age

1.00 (1.0, 1.0)***

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)*

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)**

Marital status

 Widowed/divorced/separated

1.3 (1.1, 1.6)**

1.2 (1.1, 1.4)**

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.1 (1.0, 1.3)

1.1 (0.9, 1.2)

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)**

 Never Married

1.2 (1.0, 1.5)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

0.9 (0.7, 1.0)*

0.6 (0.5, 0.8)***

0.7 (0.6, 0.8)***

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*

Race/Ethnicity

 Black, Non, Hispanic

0.8 (0.7, 1.0)

1.1 (1.0, 1.3)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

0.7 (0.5, 0.8)***

1.7 (1.4, 2.1)***

1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***

1.1 (1.0, 1.3)*

 American Indian/Alaska Native

0.8 (0.5, 1.3)

1.4 (1.0, 1.9)*

1.1 (0.9, 1.4)

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

1.1 (0.8, 1.7)

1.4 (0.9, 2.0)

1.2 (1.0, 1.5)

 Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander

0.7 (0.5, 1.2)

0.5 (0.4, 0.7)***

1.7 (1.4, 2.1)***

1.2 (0.8, 1.7)

1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

1.7 (1.2, 2.3)**

1.4 (1.2, 1.7)***

 Hispanic

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***

1.3 (1.1, 1.5)**

1.1 (0.9, 1.4)

1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***

1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***

Education

 High school or equivalent

1.1 (0.8, 1.3)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

0.9 (0.8, 1.00)*

0.8 (0.7, 0.9)**

0.9 (0.8, 1.2)

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

0.8 (0.7, 0.9)***

 Some college or higher

1.2 (0.9, 1.5)

1.4 (1.1, 1.6)***

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***

0.8 (0.7, 1.1)

0.7 (0.6, 0.8)***

0.8 (0.8, 0.9)**

Household income

 $20,000, $39,999

0.8 (0.7, 1.0)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*

0.8 (0.7, 0.9)**

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

0.9 (0.8, 0.9)**

 $40,000, $59,999

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*

0.8 (0.7, 1.0)*

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

0.8 (0.7, 0.9)***

 $60,000+

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***

0.8 (0.6, 0.9)*

0.8 (0.7, 1.0)*

0.7 (0.7, 0.8)***

Any family history of dysfunction

1.6 (1.4, 1.9)***

1.8 (1.6, 2.0)***

1.9 (1.7, 2.0)***

1.5 (1.4, 1.7)***

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)*

5.3 (4.7, 6.1)***

3.3 (3.0, 3.5)***

Sexual abuse

1.9 (1.6, 2.2)***

N/A

2.0 (1.8, 2.3)***

1.4 (1.3, 1.6)***

1.6 (1.4, 2.0)***

1.7 (1.5, 2.0)***

N/A

Physical neglect

2.1 (1.8, 2.4)***

2.0 (1.8, 2.3)***

N/A

2.2 (1.9, 2.4)***

1.9 (1.6, 2.2)***

2.3 (2.02.6)***

N/A

Emotional neglect

3.0 (2.6, 3.5)***

1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***

2.1 (1.9, 2.4)***

N/A

1.7 (1.5, 2.0)***

1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***

N/A

Emotional abuse

N/A

1.7 (1.4, 2.0)***

2.0 (1.7, 2.3)***

2.9 (2.5, 3.4)***

4.3 (3.6, 5.1)***

1.9 (1.5, 2.3)***

N/A

Physical abuse

4.0 (3.4, 4.8)***

1.4 (1.3, 1.6)**

1.8 (1.5, 2.0)***

1.5 (1.3, 1.8)***

N/A

1.8 (1.5, 2.1)***

N/A

Exposure to IPV

1.9 (1.6, 2.3)***

1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***

2.2 (2.0, 2.5)***

1.3 (1.1, 1.5)**

2.1 (1.8, 2.5)***

N/A

N/A

  1. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, and household income, any family history of dysfunction, and each other type of childhood maltreatment. Sex reference group was males. Marital status reference group is married/co-habiting. Race/ethnicity reference group is White, non-Hispanic. Education reference group is less than high school. Household income reference group is $0–$19,999. *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001
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