Individual variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
Child’s gender | ||||
  Female | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Male | 1.424*** | 1.189–1.706 | 1.429*** | 1.192–1.714 |
Child’s age (continuous from 0 to 4) | 0.712*** | 0.668–0.759 | 0.714*** | 0.669–0.761 |
Relationship to household head | ||||
  Biological child | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Grandchild | 0.979 | 0.672–1.427 | 0.992 | 0.681–1.446 |
  Other | 1.508 | 0.976–2.328 | 1.505 | 0.978–2.317 |
Household head’s gender | ||||
  Female | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Male | 1.003 | 0.810–1.241 | 1.001 | 0.808–1.240 |
Age group (years) | ||||
   < 30 | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  30–34 | 0.826 | 0.624–1.094 | 0.833 | 0.630–1.100 |
  35–39 | 0.719* | 0.534–0.968 | 0.718* | 0.534–0.967 |
  40–49 | 0.729 | 0.517–1.029 | 0.738 | 0.523–1.041 |
   ≥ 50 | 0.803 | 0.542–1.189 | 0.814 | 0.550–1.204 |
Education level | ||||
  No education/Primary level | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Secondary level or higher | 0.895 | 0.727–1.101 | 0.911 | 0.740–1.121 |
Household wealth index | ||||
  Poorer | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Poor | 1.148 | 0.874–1.509 | 1.134 | 0.862–1.491 |
  Middle | 0.964 | 0.723–1.285 | 0.946 | 0.709–1.264 |
  Rich | 0.906 | 0.676–1.214 | 0.858 | 0.637–1.155 |
  Richer | 1.237 | 0.885–1.730 | 1.045 | 0.723–1.510 |
Number of household members | ||||
  5 or fewer than 5 | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  More than 5 | 0.933 | 0.748–1.165 | 0.949 | 0.759–1.186 |
Number of children under five | ||||
  One | Ref. |  |  |  |
  More than 1 | 1.159 | 0.951–1.413 | 1.154 | 0.946–1.407 |
Paying attention to the child | ||||
  Less attention | Ref. |  |  |  |
  More attention | 0.690*** | 0.577–0.824 | 0.693*** | 0.579–0.828 |
Playing with the child in the past three days | ||||
  No playing | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Playing at least once within the past 3 days | 1.084 | 0.844–1.391 | 1.076 | 0.838–1.381 |
Water source for drinking | ||||
  Unimproved | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Improved | 0.956 | 0.775–1.179 | 0.941 | 0.761–1.164 |
Water treatment | ||||
  No treatment/Inadequate | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Adequate treatment | 0.819 | 0.669–1.004 | 0.799* | 0.651–0.980 |
Hand-washing facility | ||||
  Not available | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Available | 0.753 | 0.378–1.500 | 0.741 | 0.368–1.492 |
Possession of refrigerator | ||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | 0.649 | 0.290–1.451 | 0.611 | 0.266–1.403 |
Community Variables | ||||
Area | ||||
  Urban |  |  | Ref. |  |
  Rural |  |  | 0.666* | 0.445–0.996 |
Performance of CHWs in the CU | ||||
  None/Poor |  |  | Ref. | 0.941–1.487 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.183 | 1.003–1.810 |
  High |  |  | 1.347* |  |
Community Level Variance and covariance of random effects | 0.294 (0.065) | 0.262 (0.061) | ||
Log likelihood | -2038.89 | -2033.98 | ||
Likelihood-ratio test (p value) | ≤0.001 | 0.019 |