Table 1 Descriptive statistics, according to different forms of IPV against their wives committed by ever married men and their endorsement of attitudes justifying spousal abuse: 2007 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (n = 3374)
Characteristic | n (%) | Any IPV | Physical IPV only | Sexual IPV only | Both physical and sexual IPV | Endorsement of attitudes justifying spousal abuse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
Age, years | ||||||
18-33 | 1107 (35.3) | 53.8 (50.1-57.6) | 43.5 (39.8-47.3) | 2.0 (1.2-3.4) | 8.4 (6.0-11.6) | 39.2 (35.0-43.7) |
34-43 | 1136 (31.2) | 63.5 (59.6-67.2) | 54.0 (50.4-57.5) | 1.9 (1.1-3.4) | 7.6 (5.7-10.0) | 34.4 (30.8-38.3) |
44-54 | 1131 (33.5) | 62.1 (58.7-65.5) | 55.2 (51.4-59.0) | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 5.4 (3.9-7.6) | 33.2 (30.0-36.9) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.721 | 0.128 | 0.068 | |
Education | ||||||
No education | 998 (30.5) | 67.8 (64.2-71.2) | 58.0 (53.9-62.0) | 1.1 (0.5-2.4) | 8.7 (6.4-11.8) | 41.2 (37.3-45.2) |
Primary | 1078 (32.8) | 65.4 (62.0-68.7) | 56.5 (52.8-60.2) | 1.7 (0.8-3.4) | 7.2 (5.5-9.3) | 40.4 (36.7-44.3) |
Secondary and higher | 1298 (36.6) | 47.6 (44.0-51.3) | 39.4 (36.1-42.8) | 2.5 (1.6-3.9) | 5.8 (3.7-8.8) | 26.9 (23.7-30.4) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.193 | 0.219 | <0.001 | |
Area of residence | ||||||
Rural | 2100 (77.2) | 61.1 (58.6-63.7) | 51.7 (49.0-54.4) | 2.0 (1.3-3.0) | 7.5 (5.8-9.5) | 38.3 (35.5-41.1) |
Urban | 1274 (22.8) | 54.5 (50.3-58.6) | 47.3 (43.1-51.5) | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) | 6.0 (4.4-8.1) | 27.0 (23.5-30.8) |
p Value | 0.008 | 0.080 | 0.234 | 0.255 | <0.001 | |
Religion | ||||||
Non-Muslims | 340 (9.7) | 51.2 (44.6-57.7) | 43.7 (37.1-50.6) | 2.6 (1.1-6.1) | 4.8 (2.3-9.7) | 38.4 (32.1-45.4) |
Muslims | 3034 (90.3) | 60.5 (58.2-62.8) | 51.5 (49.0-53.9) | 1.7 (1.1-2.6) | 7.4 (5.9-9.1) | 35.4 (33.0-37.8) |
p Value | 0.007 | 0.037 | 0.383 | 0.256 | 0.374 | |
Wealth index category | ||||||
Poor | 1124 (36.1) | 66.5 (62.8-70.0) | 56.9 (53.2-60.6) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) | 8.3 (6.4-10.7) | 44.0 (40.2-47.9) |
Middle | 1125 (34.9) | 61.0 (56.9-64.9) | 52.2 (48.2-56.1) | 1.9 (1.0-3.5) | 6.9 (4.9-9.6) | 38.6 (35.0-42.3) |
Rich | 1125 (29.0) | 49.5 (45.4-53.6) | 41.1 (36.9-45.5) | 2.4 (1.4-4.2) | 5.9 (3.3-10.5) | 219 (18.4-25.7) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.314 | 0478 | <0.001 | |
Respondent’s occupationa | ||||||
Non-manual | 2382 (73.2) | 62.8 (60.3-65.2) | 53.6 (51.0-56.2) | 1.8 (1.1-2.8) | 7.4 (6.0-9.1) | 39.6 (36.8-42.9) |
Manual | 992 (26.8) | 51.0 (46.5-55.5) | 42.8 (38.4-47.3) | 1.9 (1.1-3.4) | 6.3 (4.1-9.5) | 25.1 (218–29.0) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.821 | 0.433 | <0.001 | |
Earning provide family basic needs | ||||||
Sufficient | 394 (11.2) | 50.8 (44.5-57.0) | 41.2 (35.7-47.0) | 2.8 (1.3-5.6) | 6.8 (4.3-10.5) | 28.5 (23.7-33.9) |
Moderately sufficient | 2061 (61.6) | 58.2 (55.4-60.9) | 49.7 (47.1-52.4) | 2.1 (1.4-3.2) | 6.4 (4.8-8.3) | 33.8 (31.0-36.6) |
Insufficient | 919 (27.2) | 66.5 (62.5-70.2) | 56.8 (52.4-61.1) | 0.7 (0.2-1.7) | 9.0 (6.7-12.0) | 43.0 (38.4-47.8) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.121 | <0.001 | |
Any living children | ||||||
No | 345 (11.1) | 35.2 (29.1-41.8) | 26.3 (21.3-32.1) | 2.9 (1.3-6.4) | 5.9 (2.6-13.1) | 33.6 (27.9-39.9) |
Yes | 3029 (88.9) | 62.7 (60.3-65.0) | 53.7 (51.3-56.2) | 1.7 (1.1-2.4) | 7.3 (5.9-8.9) | 36.0 (33.6-38.4) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.170 | 0.630 | 0.458 | |
No. of household members (tertiles) | ||||||
2-4 | 1374 (37.9) | 62.5 (59.3-65.8) | 53.3 (50.1-56.5) | 1.8 (1.1-2.8) | 7.5 (5.9-9.6) | 38.5 (35.0-42.0) |
5-6 | 1185 (34.7) | 61.0 (57.6-64.2) | 52.4 (48.9-55.9) | 1.8 (0.9-3.5) | 6.7 (5.0-9.0) | 34.0 (30.9-37.4) |
≥ 7 | 815 (27.4) | 53.8 (49.4-58.2) | 44.9 (40.5-50.0) | 1.8 (0.9-3.9) | 7.1 (4.5-10.9) | 34.0 (29.7-38.6) |
p Value | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.996 | 0.851 | 0.120 | |
Wives’ decision-making autonomy, no. of aspectsb | ||||||
0 | 122 (4.9) | 32.8 (23.5-43.7) | 27.9 (19.4-38.4) | 2.7 (0.4-.7) | 2.2 (0.7-6.9) | 38.8 (28.6-50.2) |
1 | 174 (5.9) | 46.8 (36.6-57.1) | 36.1 (27.1-46.3) | 2.9 (0.1-8.4) | 7.7 (4.9-14.4) | 33.9 (24.5-44.8) |
2 | 155 (5.3) | 45.0 (35.9-54.5) | 35.4 (27.0-44.9) | 4.0 (1.5-10.6) | 5.6 (2.5-11.9) | 31.7 (23.5-41.1) |
3 | 195 (6.4) | 56.4 (46.2-66.0) | 48.5 (38.6-58.4) | 1.5 (0.4-5.2) | 6.5 (1.9-20.2) | 31.7 (24.6-39.8) |
4 | 2088 (5.9) | 62.3 (59.6-65.0) | 53.6 (50.7-56.4) | 1.4 (0.8-2.2) | 7.4 (5.7-9.5) | 35.6 (33.0-38.3) |
5 | 640 (19.0) | 67.4 (62.7-71.9) | 57.3 (52.7-61.7) | 2.1 (1.1-4.0) | 8.1 (5.9-10.8) | 38.1 (33.5-43.0) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.442 | 0.576 | 0.688 | |
Ever use drug or alcoholc | ||||||
No | 3262 (96.9) | 59.2 (56.9-61.4) | 50.6 (48.3-52.9) | 1.7 (1.2-2.5) | 6.9 (5.5-8.5) | 35.2 (32.9-37.6) |
Yes | 112 (3.1) | 73.9 (64.5-81.6) | 53.3 (42.3-64.0) | 4.9 (1.7-13.1) | 15.7 (9.9-24.0) | 50.6 (40.5-60.7) |
p Value | 0.004 | 0.635 | 0.046 | 0.001 | 0.003 | |
Marital duration, years | ||||||
0-4 | 614 (19.3) | 41.9 (37.0-47.0) | 33.3 (28.9-38.0) | 2.9 (1.5-5.5) | 5.8 (3.2-10.2) | 39.1 (33.7-44.7) |
5-9 | 649 (19.0) | 60.4 (55.7-65.0) | 50.4 (45.7-55.1) | 1.8 (0.9-3.5) | 8.2 (5.3-12.4) | 38.3 (33.6-43.3) |
10-14 | 565 (15.5) | 65.7 (61.0-70.3) | 54.4 (49.4-59.2) | 2.1 (1.0-4.5) | 9.2 (6.6-12.8) | 33.8 (29.2-38.8) |
≥ 15 | 1546 (46.1) | 64.7 (61.6-67.6) | 56.9 (53.6-60.1) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) | 6.5 (5.0-8.5) | 33.9 (30.8-37.1) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.223 | 0.350 | 0.175 | |
Witnessed father-to-mother IPV | ||||||
No | 2505 (73.5) | 53.2 (50.6-55.8) | 46.5 (43.9-49.1) | 1.7 (1.1-2.7) | 5.0 (3.9-6.4) | 32.4 (30.0-35.1) |
Yes | 869 (26.5) | 77.5 (74.0-80.8) | 62.4 (58.0-66.6) | 2.1 (1.1-3.8) | 13.1 (9.9-17.0) | 44.8 (40.4-49.3) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.669 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Prevalence | 59.6 | 50.7 | 1.8 | 7.1 | 35.7 | |