From: The effect of war on infant mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo
 | Bivariate models | Multilevel model 1 | Multilevel model 2 | Multilevel model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calendar year | ||||
 Pre-war, 1989–1995 | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 War, 1996–2003 | 1.10* | 1.10* |  |  |
 Post-war, 2004–2010 | 0.74*** | 0.76*** |  |  |
Number of conflict events | ||||
 No conflict events | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Low | 1.03 |  | 1.12(*) |  |
 Medium | 1.15** |  | 1.16*** |  |
 High | 1.35*** |  | 1.30*** |  |
Number of deaths | ||||
 No deaths | 1 |  |  | 1 |
 Low | 1.09* |  |  | 1.14** |
 Medium | 1.12** |  |  | 1.16** |
 High | 1.36*** |  |  | 1.29*** |
Area of residence | ||||
 Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Rural | 1.43*** | 1.14** | 1.13** | 1.13** |
Province | ||||
 Kinshasa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Bas-Congo | 2.16*** | 1.50*** | 1.58*** | 1.56*** |
 Bandundu | 1.40** | 1.1 | 1.13 | 1.12 |
 Equateur | 1.77*** | 1.19* | 1.16 | 1.16(*) |
 Orientale | 1.72*** | 1.20* | 1.11 | 1.12 |
 Nord-Kivu | 1.34** | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
 Maniema | 1.87*** | 1.29** | 1.28* | 1.28* |
 Sud-Kivu | 2.35*** | 1.36** | 1.29* | 1.29* |
 Katanga | 1.90*** | 1.30** | 1.22* | 1.23* |
 Kasaï Oriental | 1.35** | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
 Kasaï Occidental | 1.94*** | 1.33** | 1.34** | 1.32** |
Mother’s education | ||||
 No education | 1.73*** | 1.37*** | 1.38*** | 1.38*** |
 Up to primary education | 1.54*** | 1.29*** | 1.29*** | 1.29*** |
 Post primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mother’s age at each birth | ||||
 10–21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 22–27 | 0.74*** | 0.83*** | 0.82*** | 0.82*** |
 28–49 | 0.74*** | 0.81*** | 0.79*** | 0.79*** |
Marital status | ||||
 Pre-union birth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Birth within union | 0.84*** | 0.86** | 0.85** | 0.85** |
Birth order and spacing | ||||
 First born, no spacing | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 2nd born, <2 years | 1.31*** | 1.16* | 1.16* | 1.16** |
 2nd born, > = 2 years | 0.65*** | 0.65*** | 0.65*** | 0.65*** |
 3rd - 4th born, < 2 years | 1.15** | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 |
 3rd - 4th born, > = 2 years | 0.61*** | 0.60*** | 0.60*** | 0.60*** |
 5th- 16th born, <2 years | 1.45*** | 1.26** | 1.24** | 1.24** |
 5th- 16th born, > = 2 years | 0.63*** | 0.58*** | 0.56*** | 0.57*** |
Previous sibling death during infancy | ||||
 No previous sibling death | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Previous sibling death | 1.42*** | 1.92*** | 1.90*** | 1.91*** |
Gender | ||||
 Boy | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Girl | 0.86*** | 0.87*** | 0.87*** | 0.87*** |
Age of infant | ||||
 Neonatal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Post-neonatal | 0.17*** | 0.16*** | 0.16*** | 0.16*** |
 Constant |  | 0.02*** | 0.02*** | 0.02*** |
 lnsig2u |  | −1.16 | −1.13 | −1.13 |
 Sigma_u |  | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
 Rho |  | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
 chi2 |  | 4092.41 | 4013.82 | 4014.22 |