The social patterning of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in five countries: evidence from the modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS)

Stringhini, Silvia; Forrester, Terrence E.; Plange-Rhule, Jacob; Lambert, Estelle V.; Viswanathan, Bharathi; Riesen, Walter; Korte, Wolfgang; Levitt, Naomi; Tong, Liping; Dugas, Lara R.; Shoham, David; Durazo-Arvizu, Ramon A.; Luke, Amy; Bovet, Pascal

doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3589-5

Table 2 Association of education and wealth with risk factors of noncommunicable diseases by site, age 25–45 years, Ghana (N = 438), South Africa (N = 484), Jamaica (N = 323), Seychelles (N = 438), United States (N = 448)

From: The social patterning of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in five countries: evidence from the modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS)

	Education					Wealth
	High	Middle	Low	p ^trenda	DIR ^b	High	Middle	Low	p ^trenda	DIR ^b
Smoking
Ghana	1.00	0.34 (0.03–3.61)	0.69 (0.07–6.5)	0.657	+	1.00	0.26 (0.03–2.34)	1.74 (0.47–6.43)	0.481	-
South Africa	1.00	0.70 (0.23–2.12)	0.81 (0.23–2.82)	0.983	+	1.00	0.95 (0.52–1.72)	1.37 (0.79–2.40)	0.261	-
Jamaica	1.00	2.29 (0.47–11.21)	4.62 (1.04–20.6)	0.005	-	1.00	2.73 (1.18–6.3)	5.12 (2.39–10.96)	<0.001	-
Seychelles	1.00	1.30 (0.42–4.03)	1.30 (0.44–3.87)	0.740	-	1.00	0.67 (0.35–1.3)	0.68 (0.36–1.30)	0.281	+
USA	1.00	5.28 (2.39–11.67)	47.5 (16.2–139.2)	0.000	-	1.00	1.04 (0.55–1.95)	1.97 (1.10–3.53)	0.003	-
Physical activity
Ghana	1.00	1.81 (0.61–5.44)	2.02 (0.68–6.00)	0.300	-	1.00	1.48 (0.89–2.47)	2.37 (1.41–3.99)	0.001	-
South Africa	1.00	1.75 (0.63–4.88)	1.27 (0.40–4.02)	0.853	-	1.00	1.36 (0.8–2.32)	1.20 (0.72–1.99)	0.505	-
Jamaica	1.00	1.04 (0.34–3.21)	1.87 (0.67–5.21)	0.045	-	1.00	0.86 (0.44–1.65)	1.37 (0.78–2.42)	0.187	-
Seychelles	1.00	1.22 (0.50–2.97)	1.67 (0.72–3.88)	0.109	-	1.00	3.07 (1.74–5.42)	3.84 (2.18–6.76)	<0.001	-
USA	1.00	1.23 (0.60–2.55)	3.11 (1.32–7.32)	0.005	-	1.00	1.63 (0.73–3.65)	2.74 (1.30–5.76)	0.002	-
Obesity
Ghana	1.00	1.21 (0.14–10.41)	1.03 (0.12–8.87)	0.726	NA	1.00	0.62 (0.29–1.31)	0.29 (0.13–0.68)	0.004	+
South Africa	1.00	1.84 (0.57–5.91)	1.11 (0.28–4.41)	0.720	-	1.00	1.19 (0.67–2.12)	0.71 (0.40–1.27)	0.223	+
Jamaica	1.00	1.89 (0.64–5.56)	1.75 (0.63–4.82)	0.518	-	1.00	1.88 (0.95–3.72)	1.02 (0.55–1.91)	0.717	-
Seychelles	1.00	1.60 (0.59–4.31)	1.27 (0.49–3.28)	0.847	-	1.00	1.05 (0.6–1.83)	0.93 (0.53–1.64)	0.781	NA
USA	1.00	1.05 (0.60–1.82)	0.61 (0.30–1.27)	0.207	+	1.00	0.90 (0.49–1.64)	1.16 (0.66–2.03)	0.391	-
Hypertension
Ghana	NA	1.00	1.68 (0.65–4.36)	0.286	-	1.00	0.95 (0.29–3.05)	1.00 (0.32–3.10)	0.988	NA
South Africa	1.00	0.60 (0.22–1.65)	0.85 (0.28–2.62)	0.673	+	1.00	1.18 (0.66–2.12)	1.03 (0.59–1.81)	0.918	NA
Jamaica	1.00	1.82 (0.21–15.88)	1.80 (0.23–14.14)	0.688	-	1.00	0.76 (0.26–2.18)	0.62 (0.24–1.63)	0.338	+
Seychelles	1.00	0.94 (0.30–2.91)	0.80 (0.27–2.38)	0.577	+	1.00	0.84 (0.41–1.74)	0.62 (0.29–1.32)	0.214	+
USA	1.00	1.75 (0.81–3.79)	1.89 (0.74–4.86)	0.199	-	1.00	1.39 (0.62–3.12)	1.96 (0.93–4.12)	0.048	-
High cholesterol
Ghana	1.00	0.86 (0.18–4.13)	0.83 (0.17–3.92)	0.835	+	1.00	0.57 (0.28–1.17)	0.54 (0.27–1.10)	0.090	+
South Africa	1.00	2.64 (0.35–20.09)	2.41 (0.28–21.04)	0.685	-	1.00	0.75 (0.37–1.52)	0.68 (0.34–1.35)	0.267	+
Jamaica	1.00	0.41 (0.13–1.29)	0.41 (0.15–1.11)	0.178	+	1.00	0.62 (0.28–1.38)	0.43 (0.20–0.90)	0.026	+
Seychelles	1.00	1.59 (0.49–5.15)	1.50 (0.48–4.66)	0.704	-	1.00	1.25 (0.65–2.40)	0.96 (0.49-1.88)	0.829	NA
USA	1.00	1.89 (0.94–3.77)	0.84 (0.32–2.20)	0.832	NA	1.00	1.92 (0.93–3.93)	1.33 (0.67–2.65)	0.912	-
Elevated blood glucose
Ghana	NA					NA
South Africa	1.00	1.00 (0.22–4.5)	1.00 (0.19–5.34)	0.999	NA	1.00	1.04 (0.49–2.21)	0.72 (0.33–1.56)	0.408	+
Jamaica	1.00	0.58 (0.19–1.85)	0.68 (0.24–1.90)	0.756	+	1.00	0.78 (0.38–1.64)	0.87 (0.46–1.66)	0.726	+
Seychelles	1.00	1.78 (0.68–4.69)	1.58 (0.63–4.00)	0.692	-	1.00	0.73 (0.41–1.27)	1.03 (0.59–1.78)	0.785	NA
USA	1.00	1.80 (0.97–3.35)	2.92 (1.34–6.35)	0.007	-	1.00	0.82 (0.44–1.52)	0.99 (0.56–1.74)	0.797	NA

NA indicates no association. We also consider here also trends towards association, i.e., marginally significant p values (p > 0.05& p < 0.09)
^ap for linear trend across socio-economic categories
^bDirection of social differences
+ indicates that the prevalence of the NCD-RF is higher among higher SES groups, − indicates that the prevalence is higher among lower SES groups

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