Economic burden associated with alcohol dependence in a German primary care sample: a bottom-up study

BMC Public Health

Table 6 Association of AD characteristics and individual costs

	Type of AD diagnosis ^a		AD severity I ^b	AD severity II ^c	AD severity III ^c
	Excess costs: GP AD	Excess costs: CIDI AD	Excess costs: AD treatment	IRR: DSM-5 AUD criteria	IRR: Daily drinking levels
	N = 1,356	N = 1,356	N = 143	N = 1,356	N = 1,356
All direct costs (95 % CI)	1132.20 (198.64–2066.09)**	322.07 (−303.93–948.08)	−17.89 (−1336.70–1300.92)	1.09 (0.99–1.19)	0.99 (0.95–1.03)
All indirect costs (95 % CI)	1947.09 (950.67–2943.52)**	355.04 (−510.20–1220.28)*	1148.41 (−688.51–2985.33)	1.12 (1.04–1.20)**	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
All costs (95 % CI)	3081.46 (1526.96–4635.96)***	679.20 (−560.11–1918.52)**	1130.52 (−1435.05–3696.09)	1.11 (1.04–1.19)**	1.00 (0.98–1.03)

Note
AD Alcohol dependence, GP AD Alcohol dependence diagnosis by general practitioner (N = 70), CIDI AD Alcohol dependence diagnosis by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (N = 92), IRR Incidence risk ratio, DSM-5 AUD criteria Number of alcohol use disorder criteria as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, 95 % CI 95 % confidence interval
For testing impact of AD characteristics on different cost variables, age and sex adjusted negative binomial regressions were conducted. Legend of significance: * p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .001
^a Excess costs for GP AD and CIDI AD diagnoses are presented in comparison to patients without the respective diagnosis. Results based on regression using binary predictor (no diagnosis/diagnosis) among all patients
^b Excess costs between treated and untreated AD cases are presented. Results based on regression using binary predictor (untreated/treated) among all AD cases
^cThe incidence risk ratios from negative binomial regressions are presented for DSM-5 AUD criteria and drinking levels. Results based on regression using continuous predictor (severity II: number of DSM-5 AUD criteria/ severity III: daily drinking levels in standard drinks per day) among all patients

ISSN: 1471-2458