| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | AOR | 95Â % CI | AOR | 95Â % CI | |
Lifestyle and health behaviors | |||||
Cooking method (ref = Kerosene/charcoal outdoors or a separate place) |  |  |  |  | |
 | In-house use of biomass fuel | 2.38** | 1.34–4.24 | 2.30** | 1.26–4.20 |
 | In-house use of kerosene/charcoal | 2.08* | 1.17–3.70 | 2.11** | 1.19–3.72 |
 | Outdoor or separate use of biomass fuel | 2.54** | 1.45–4.45 | 2.28** | 1.27–4.10 |
 | Other | 2.51 | 0.95–6.64 | 2.42 | 0.94–6.25 |
Smoking of members of the household (ref = No) |  |  |  |  | |
 | Ever smoked | 1.37* | 1.01–1.87 | 1.33 | 0.98–1.81 |
Hand-washing (ref = Observed) |  |  |  |  | |
 | Not observed | 1.59*** | 1.28–1.98 | 1.66** | 1.33–2.07 |
Neighborhood characteristic | |||||
Community OVC status (ref = Low) |  |  |  |  | |
 | Median |  |  | 1.28 | 0.94–1.75 |
 | High |  |  | 1.74*** | 1.34–2.25 |
Region of residence (ref = North West) |  |  |  |  | |
 | North Central |  |  | 0.39*** | 0.27–0.57 |
 | North East |  |  | 0.15*** | 0.11–0.20 |
 | South East |  |  | 0.30*** | 0.19–0.48 |
 | South South |  |  | 0.35*** | 0.22–0.57 |
 | South West |  |  | 0.26*** | 0.15–0.43 |
Community wealth index (ref = The first quartile) |  |  |  | ||
 | The second quartile |  |  | 1.03 | 0.67–1.58 |
 | The third quartile |  |  | 0.94 | 0.54–1.62 |
 | The fourth quartile |  |  | 1.05 | 0.56–1.95 |
Community use of biomass cooking fuel (ref = Low use) |  |  |  | ||
 | Median use |  |  | 0.82 | 0.51–1.31 |
 | High use |  |  | 1.07 | 0.63–1.81 |
Urban residence (ref = Rural) |  |  | 0.95 | 0.68–1.33 | |
Individual and household backgrounds | |||||
Female gendered (ref = Male) | 1.02 | 0.85–1.21 | 1.03 | 0.86–1.22 | |
Birth order (ref = 1–3) |  |  |  |  | |
 | 4–6 | 0.92 | 0.75–1.13 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.15 |
 | >6 | 1.35* | 1.07–1.71 | 1.37** | 1.08–1.73 |
Age in months (ref = 36–59) |  |  |  |  | |
 | 0–5 | 1.21 | 0.85–1.73 | 1.20 | 0.85–1.71 |
 | 6–11 | 2.67*** | 2.02–3.53 | 2.66*** | 2.01–3.51 |
 | 12–23 | 2.88*** | 2.28–3.64 | 2.85*** | 2.25–3.60 |
 | 24–35 | 1.82*** | 1.40–2.36 | 1.80*** | 1.30–2.34 |
OVC (ref = Non-OVC) | 1.43* | 1.01–2.02 | 1.27 | 0.90–1.80 | |
Maternal education (ref = Secondary or above) |  |  |  |  | |
 | No education | 0.63** | 0.47–0.84 | 0.63** | 0.47–0.85 |
 | Primary education | 0.70* | 0.53–0.93 | 0.69** | 0.53–0.92 |
Household wealth (ref = Richest) |  |  |  |  | |
 | Richer | 1.19 | 0.76–1.87 | 1.15 | 0.74–1.79 |
 | Middle | 1.72* | 1.06–2.82 | 1.61 | 0.97–2.65 |
 | Poorer | 2.72*** | 1.64–4.51 | 2.39** | 1.38–4.14 |
 | Poorest | 1.94* | 1.13–3.32 | 1.60 | 0.88–2.91 |
Model statistics | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | |
Log likelihood | −2561.92 |  | −2479.75 |  | |
Comparison to previous model | |||||
 | Chi-square |  |  | 82.17*** |  |
 | Degrees of freedom |  |  | 13 |  |
Random variance | |||||
Intra-class correlation (ICC) | 0.26* | Â | 0.13* | Â | |
Variance between neighborhoods | 1.17*** | 0.01 | 0.70*** | 0.08 |