Association between education and future leisure-time physical inactivity: a study of Finnish twins over a 35-year follow-up

Table 3 Association of each year of additional education (Odds Ratios [OR] and 95 % Confidence Intervals [95 % CI]) with a 15-year physical inactivity period (in 1990) and a 35-year inactivity period (in 2011) among participants already physically inactive at baseline (1975/1981) and among twin pairs with long-term inactive behaviour

Long-term physical inactivity	All participants (n = 5254) *		Discordant twin pairs ** ^a
	Age- and sex-adjusted model	Multivariate model ^b	Basic model ^b			Multivariate model ^{b, c}
	Age- and sex-adjusted model	Multivariate model ^b	All pairs	DZ pairs	MZ pairs	All pairs	DZ pairs	MZ pairs
	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)
Inactive in 1990	0.97 (0.93, 1.00)	0.97 (0.93, 1.00)	0.93 (0.87, 1.00)	0.94 (0.86, 1.02)	0.83 (0.70, 1.00)	0.93 (0.86, 1.01)	0.98 (0.89, 1.07)	0.69 (0.54, 0.87)
Inactive in 2011	0.94 (0.91, 0.97)	0.95 (0.91, 0.98)	0.96 (0.89, 1.03)	0.97 (0.89, 1.06)	0.83 (0.66, 1.04)	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)	1.01 (0.92, 1.10)	0.84 (0.67, 1.05)
Inactive in 2011 ^d	0.94 (0.91, 0.98)	0.95 (0.92, 0.99)	0.96 (0.90, 1.05)	0.99 (0.91, 1.07)	0.85 (0.68, 1.06)	0.95 (0.45, 1.98)	1.01 (0.93, 1.10)	0.87 (0.69, 1.09)

In each survey (1975, 1981, 1990, 2011), inactive: LTPA energy cost ≤1.5 MET h/day; active: LTPA energy cost >1.5 MET h/day. The reference group in the individual-based analyses is those of active in 1990 or in 2011
*Logistic regression model, ** Conditional logistic regression model
a) Co-twin control analyses for twin pairs long-term discordant for LTPA, i.e. broadly inactive (persistently inactive, mainly inactive and a change from active to inactive) vs. broadly active (persistently active, mainly active and a change from inactive to active) in 1975–1981/1990 or in 1975–1981/2011. The numbers of long-term LTPA discordant pairs in the basic models were 432 in 1975–1981/1990 (263 DZ and 151 MZ pairs) and 420 in 1975–1981/2011 (266 DZ and 132 MZ pairs). The reference group in the co-twin control analyses is broadly active
b) Age and sex are automatically adjusted in the same-sexed twin pairs
c) Body Mass Index in 1975, working status in 1975, marital status in 1975, alcohol use (g/day) in 1975 and smoking status in 1975 were included as covariates
d) LTPA in 1990 included as a covariate

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