Table 1 Table showing different characteristics of the 3 study communities

Ethnic Composition

Predominantly Ewe ethnic group

Predominantly Ga-Dangme ethnic group

Made of Ewe, Ga-Dangme and Akan ethnic groups

Sanitation provision

2 simple dug-out trench latrines, open defecation

2 public VIP latrines, two additional dug-out pit latrines, 1 water closet, open defecation in the river, canal and bushes

Water closets supplemented with private dug-out pit latrines

Livelihoods

Artisanal fishing, small-scale tilapia aquaculture, animal husbandry, subsistence farming, commercial sand mining

2 banana export companies, rice farms for individual farmers, a poultry farm and a foreign-owned sand mining factory, petty trading

Government workers with the irrigation project, government teachers and nurses; commercial rice farming, subsistence farming and petty trading

Land tenure

Migrant occupiers of the land (caretakers)

Indigenous landowners

Government owned housing