Table 1 Key characteristics of included studies assessing primary outcome - alcohol consumption
Study | Country | Participants that completed study | Baseline alcohol consumption | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engels et al. (2009) [35] | Netherlands | 80 undergraduates; aged 18–29 (M = 21.45, SD = 2.19); 0 % female | Mean of 21.05 alcoholic beverages in past week | Film (“American Pie 2” – a comedy) with 41 alcohol portrayals (characters drank alcohol 18 times and alcoholic beverages were portrayed 23 times) | Film (“40 Days and 40 Nights” – a comedy) with 18 alcohol portrayals (characters drank alcohol 3 times and alcoholic beverages were portrayed 15 times) | Number of beer bottles consumed during film |
Two alcohol advertisements presented alongside non-alcohol advertisements | Only non-alcohol advertisements presented | |||||
Kohn & Smart (1984) [36] | Canada | 125 undergraduates; age not reported; 0 % female | Not reported | 90 min televised soccer game with either four or nine alcohol advertisements embedded | 90 min of same televised game with nine non-alcohol advertisements | Number of beers consumed during both the game and a following 30 min questionnaire session |
Kohn & Smart (1987) [37] | Canada | 66 undergraduates; age not reported; 100 % female | Not reported | Soap opera and music programme with either four or nine alcohol advertisements embedded | Same programmes with nine non-alcohol advertisements | Number of glasses of wine consumed during programmes |
Koordeman, Anschutz, & Engels (2011a) [38] | Netherlands | 184 undergraduates; aged 16–28 (M = 22.0, SD = 3.3); 50 % female | Mean of 9.41 (SD =10.24) drinks in past week | Full film (“Watchmen”) preceded by four alcohol advertisements | Same film preceded by four non-alcohol advertisements | Bottles and amount (cl) of alcoholic beverages consumed during film |
Koordeman, Anschutz, van Baaren, & Engels (2011b) [39] | Netherlands | 244 undergraduates; aged 18–29 (M = 21.0, SD = 2.54); 54 % female | Not reported | 60 min of film (“What Happens In Vegas” – a romantic comedy) with 565 s of alcohol portrayals (alcoholic beverages in possession of a character or mentioned verbally) | 60 min of same film, edited to show no alcohol portrayals | Bottles and amount (cl) of alcoholic beverages consumed during film |
Koordeman et al. (2012) [40] | Netherlands | 159 undergraduates; aged 18–29 (M = 21.08, SD =2.7); 0 % female | A mean of 15.90 alcoholic beverages in past week | 60 min of film (“Planet Earth”) with six alcohol advertisements embedded | 60 min of same film with five non-alcohol advertisements embedded | Bottles and amount (cl) of alcoholic beverages consumed during film |
Koordeman, Anschutz, & Engels (2015) [41] | Netherlands | 154 undergraduates; aged 18–30 (M = 21.4, SD = 2.57); 0 % female | A mean of 17.36 alcoholic beverages in past week | 60 min of film (“Get Him To The Greek” – a comedy) with 490 s of alcohol portrayals (alcoholic beverages in possession of a character or mentioned verbally) | 60 min of same film, edited to show no alcohol portrayals | Bottles and amount (cl) of alcoholic beverages consumed during film |
Roehrich & Goldman (1995) [42] | USA | 80 undergraduates; aged 25–45 (M = 25.25); 100 % female | A mean of 5.58 drinking occasions in the past month with 1 to 2 drinks consumed per occasion | 3.5 min of television programme (“Cheers” – a sitcom) with alcohol portrayals | 3.5 min of television programme (“Newhart” – a sitcom) showing no alcohol portrayals | Amount of beer (ml) consumed during a taste test |
Sobell et al. (1986) [43] | Canada | 96 undergraduates; mean age (SD) = 22.55 (3.7); 0 % female | 56 % heavy, 22 % moderate, and 22 % light drinkers | 60 min of television programme (“Dallas” – a drama) containing alcohol portrayals (including 7 drinking scenes, 2 verbal references to alcohol, and 14 visual references) | 60 min of same programme edited to show no alcohol portrayals | Amount of beer (ml) consumed during a taste test |
Twelve advertisements embedded, four of which were for beer | ||||||
Twelve non-alcohol advertisements embedded | ||||||
Sumarta (2000) [34] | USA | 96 undergraduates; aged 21–39 (M = 22.39, SD = 2.96); 50 % female; | 22 % heavy, 29 % moderate, 34 % light, and 15 % infrequent drinkers | 3.5 min of television programme (“Cheers”) with alcohol portrayals (Stimuli identical to that used in Roehrich & Goldman, 1995) | 3.5 min of television programme (“Newhart”) showing no alcohol portrayals (Stimuli identical to that used in Roehrich & Goldman, 1995) | Amount of beer (ml) consumed during a taste test |
Wilks et al. (1992) [44] | Australia | 120 undergraduates; aged 18–20; gender not reported | Light (<20 g of alcoholic beverage consumed per day) or moderate-heavy (>20 g) drinkers (numbers of each not provided) | 90 min of television programming with either six or twelve alcohol advertisements, along with non-alcohol advertisements, embedded between programmes | 90 min of same programming with only non-alcohol advertisements embedded between programmes | Number of standard alcoholic drinks consumed during viewing |