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Table 2 Population-based intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ρ) for neighborhood clustering; N = 481 (CKD-AFRiKA, 2014)

From: Neighborhood clustering of non-communicable diseases: results from a community-based study in Northern Tanzania

 

Urban

 

Rural

 

Overall

 
 

Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)b

ρ (95 % CI)

Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)

ρ (95 % CI)

Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)

ρ (95 % CI)

Social characteristics

      

 Ongoing tobacco use

15.2 %

0.022 (0.000–0.073)

19.6 %

0.042 (0.000–0.159)

18.0 %

0.028 (0.000–0.075)

 Ongoing alcohol use

35.4 %

0.069 (0.000–0.145)

45.8 %

0.331 (0.007–0.654)

41.9 %

0.125 (0.034–0.216)

Self-reported medical history

      

 Diabetes

9.68 %

0.035 (0.000–0.094)

5.51 %

0.059(0.000–0.194)

7.06 %

0.045 (0.000–0.100)

 Hypertension

20.7 %

0.109 (0.012–0.207)

16.1 %

0.014 (0.000–0.101)

17.8 %

0.100 (0.020–0.181)

 Stroke

11.8 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

2.07 %

0.000 (0.000–0.070)

17.4 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Heart disease

2.64 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

0.72 %

0.047 (0.000–0.169)

1.44 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Tuberculosis

2.92 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

0.00 %

N/Aa

1.09 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Hepatitis

2.48 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

1.17 %

0.000 (0.000–0.070)

1.66 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Malaria

87.8 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

89.0 %

0.001 (0.000–0.073)

88.6 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Cancer

1.04 %

0.009 (0.000–0.039)

0.00 %

N/Aa

0.39 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 COPD/asthma

3.39 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

1.31 %

0.000 (0.000–0.071)

2.08 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 HIV/AIDS

5.19 %

0.048 (0.000–0.113)

0.59 %

0.010 (0.000–0.093)

0.99 %

0.054 (0.006–0.114)

 Kidney disease

3.29 %

0.010 (0.000–0.054)

0.00 %

N/Aa

1.22 %

0.020 (0.000–0.063)

Health outcome

      

 Hypertension

19.4 %

0.056 (0.000–0.125)

33.2 %

0.167 (0.000–0.398)

28.0 %

0.075 (0.001–0.126)

 Obesity

25.1 %

0.035 (0.000–0.094)

15.6 %

0.009 (0.000–0.091)

19.1 %

0.040 (0.000–0.093)

 Glucose impairment

24.0 %

0.025 (0.000–0.078)

20.3 %

0.110 (0.000–0.293)

21.7 %

0.039 (0.000–0.918)

 Pre-diabetes

15.8 %

0.001 (0.000–0.040)

16.1 %

0.149 (0.000–0.367)

16.0 %

0.031 (0.000–0.079)

 Diabetes

8.21 %

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

4.20 %

0.000 (0.000–0.070)

5.70 %

0.000 (0.000–0.033)

 Chronic kidney disease

15.2 %

0.036 (0.000–0.094)

2.03 %

0.000 (0.000–0.070)

7.00 %

0.044 (0.000–0.096)

Physical and laboratory measurements

      

 SBP (mmHg)

124.0 (24.3)

0.024 (0.000–0.077)

132.8 (26.4)

0.207 (0.000–0.467)

129.5 (24.3)

0.064 (0.000–0.129)

 DBP (mmHg)

76.1 (12.3)

0.025 (0.000–0.077)

78.5 (12.1)

0.199 (0.000–0.453)

77.6(12.2)

0.056 (0.000–0.116)

 BMI (kg/m2)

26.2 (8.23)

0.049 (0.000–0.115)

25.6 (13.7)

0.031 (0.000–0.136)

25.8 (12.0)

0.032 (0.000–0.081)

 HbA1C (%)

5.98 (1.28)

0.000 (0.000–0.039)

6.83 (12.7)

0.025 (0.000–0.123)

6.51 (10.1)

0.012 (0.000–0.050)

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

68.2 (27.2)

0.000 (0.000–0.040)

61.8 (13.6)

0.049 (0.000–0.174)

64.2 (20.0)

0.000 (0.000–0.034)

 Albuminuria

14.1 %

0.015 (0.000–0.063)

1.31 %

0.014 (0.000–0.100)

6.08 %

0.038 (0.000–0.090)

 eGFR (mg/L/min)(MDRD)

104.7 (24.4)

0.078 (0.000–0.161)

128.5 (203.2)

0.001 (0.000–0.073)

119.7 (161.9)

0.005 (0.000–0.041)

 eGFR (mg/L/min) (CKD-EPI)

119.0 (26.6)

0.048 (0.000–0.117)

146.1 (224.3)

0.000 (0.000–0.073)

136.5 (222.1)

0.000 (0.000–0.036)

  1. SD standard deviation, ρ intra-cluster correlation coefficient, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease equation (without the race factor) for eGFR, CKD-EPI CKD epidemiology collaboration equation (without the race factor) for eGFR
  2. aToo few positive events/outcomes were observed in these categories, bAge-and gender-weighted estimates
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