Table 4 Association of non-communicable disease risk factors with ethnicity and education, Viseisei Health Zone, Fiji, 2012
NCD and Risk factors by sex | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity (age adj) | Education (age and ethnicity adjusted) | ||||||
I-Taukei | Indo-Fijian | Primary or less | Any high school | Vocational training | University | Test for trend+ | |
Males | |||||||
Daily smoking | 1.19 (0.93–1.53) | 1.00 | 3.09 (1.83–5.22) | 2.45 (1.50–4.00) | 1.91 (1.14–3.20) | 1.00 | 0.73 (p < 0.0001) |
Excessive alcohol | 1.13 (0.87–1.45) | 1.00 | 1.50 (0.93–2.44) | 1.90 (1.22–2.97) | 1.44 (0.90–2.30) | 1.00 | 0.89 (p = 0.10) |
Low fruit & vegetable | 2.39 (1.81–3.16) | 1.00 | 2.29 (1.41–3.73) | 1.43 (0.92–2.22) | 1.69 (1.06–2.69) | 1.00 | 0.81 (p = 0.005) |
Obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 6.88 (4.85–9.76) | 1.00 | 0.35 (0.19–0.64) | 0.41 (0.24–0.70) | 0.67 (0.39–1.16) | 1.00 | 1.45 (p < 0.0001) |
High waist* circumference | 5.09 (3.64–7.11) | 1.00 | 0.40 (0.21–0.75) | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | 0.90 (0.50–1.61) | 1.00 | 1.40 (p = 0.0004) |
High waist-hip ratio† | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.40–1.07) | 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) | 1.00 | 1.14 (p = 0.08) |
HT‡ | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.39–1.05) | 0.63 (0.40–1.01) | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 1.00 | 1.18 (p = 0.03) |
Diabetes║ | 0.41 (0.28–0.58) | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.53–2.76) | 1.54 (0.69–3.43) | 2.11 (0.93–4.78) | 1.00 | 1.12 (p = 0.26) |
High cholesterol§ | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.38–1.31) | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 1.00 (0.55–1.81) | 1.00 | 1.16 (p = 0.11) |
Females | |||||||
Daily smoking | 51.2 (16.1–162.5) | 1.00 | 6.04 (2.02–18.09) | 3.56 (1.33–9.54) | 6.35 (2.39–16.84) | 1.00 | 0.80 (p = 0.09) |
Excessive alcohol | 22.02 (8.82–54.96) | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.34–2.03) | 0.34 (0.17–0.70) | 0.93 (0.50–1.75) | 1.00 | 1.36 (p = 0.03) |
Low fruit & vegetable | 2.34 (1.84–2.97) | 1.00 | 1.86 (1.16–2.98) | 1.22 (0.81–1.84) | 1.49 (0.81–1.84) | 1.00 | 0.88 (p = 0.06) |
Obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 4.65 (3.67–5.89) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 1.15 (0.74–1.77) | 1.34 (0.86–2.09) | 1.00 | 1.03 (p = 0.65) |
High waist * circumference | 5.10 (3.97–6.56) | 1.00 | 1.58 (0.97–2.59) | 1.60 (1.03–2.48) | 1.47 (0.94–2.30) | 1.00 | 0.90 (p = 0.13) |
High waist-hip ratio† | 1.97 (1.57–2.47) | 1.00 | 1.77 (1.11–2.82) | 1.78 (1.18–2.69) | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) | 1.00 | 0.83 (p = 0.006) |
HT‡ | 1.51 (1.17–1.94) | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.68–2.13) | 1.22 (0.72–2.08) | 1.08 (0.63–1.86) | 1.00 | 0.94 (p = 0.43) |
Diabetes║ | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.62–2.54) | 1.33 (0.69–2.59) | 1.28 (0.65–2.53) | 1.00 | 0.97 (p = 0.73) |
High cholesterol§ | 1.33 (0.99–1.80) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.47–1.88) | 0.84 (0.44–1.61) | 0.98 (0.51–1.89) | 1.00 | 1.03 (p = 0.80) |